Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with 0.5 wt% lignin or nanolignin were prepared with two different techniques: (a) conventional melt-mixing and (b) in situ Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) by reactive processing. The ROP process was monitored by measuring the torque. The composites were synthesi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/10/2386 |
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| author | Sofia P. Makri Eleftheria Xanthopoulou Miguel Angel Valera Ana Mangas Giacomo Marra Víctor Ruiz Savvas Koltsakidis Dimitrios Tzetzis Alexandros Zoikis Karathanasis Ioanna Deligkiozi Nikolaos Nikolaidis Dimitrios Bikiaris Zoi Terzopoulou |
| author_facet | Sofia P. Makri Eleftheria Xanthopoulou Miguel Angel Valera Ana Mangas Giacomo Marra Víctor Ruiz Savvas Koltsakidis Dimitrios Tzetzis Alexandros Zoikis Karathanasis Ioanna Deligkiozi Nikolaos Nikolaidis Dimitrios Bikiaris Zoi Terzopoulou |
| author_sort | Sofia P. Makri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with 0.5 wt% lignin or nanolignin were prepared with two different techniques: (a) conventional melt-mixing and (b) in situ Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) by reactive processing. The ROP process was monitored by measuring the torque. The composites were synthesized rapidly using reactive processing that took under 20 min. When the catalyst amount was doubled, the reaction time was reduced to under 15 min. The dispersion, thermal transitions, mechanical properties, antioxidant activity, and optical properties of the resulting PLA-based composites were evaluated with SEM, DSC, nanoindentation, DPPH assay, and DRS spectroscopy. All reactive processing-prepared composites were characterized by means of SEM, GPC, and NMR to assess their morphology, molecular weight, and free lactide content. The benefits of the size reduction of lignin and the use of in situ ROP by reactive processing were demonstrated, as the reactive processing-produced nanolignin-containing composites had superior crystallization, mechanical, and antioxidant properties. These improvements were attributed to the participation of nanolignin in the ROP of lactide as a macroinitiator, resulting in PLA-grafted nanolignin particles that improved its dispersion. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:22:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-133af98ae699436bacb2c9ac87ea2bbb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:22:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-133af98ae699436bacb2c9ac87ea2bbb2023-11-18T02:59:17ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-05-011510238610.3390/polym15102386Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive ProcessingSofia P. Makri0Eleftheria Xanthopoulou1Miguel Angel Valera2Ana Mangas3Giacomo Marra4Víctor Ruiz5Savvas Koltsakidis6Dimitrios Tzetzis7Alexandros Zoikis Karathanasis8Ioanna Deligkiozi9Nikolaos Nikolaidis10Dimitrios Bikiaris11Zoi Terzopoulou12Creative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceAIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, SpainAIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, SpainAIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, SpainAIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, SpainDigital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 14 km Thessaloniki, 57001 N. Moudania, GreeceDigital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 14 km Thessaloniki, 57001 N. Moudania, GreeceCreative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, GreeceCreative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Polymer and Colors Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreecePoly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with 0.5 wt% lignin or nanolignin were prepared with two different techniques: (a) conventional melt-mixing and (b) in situ Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) by reactive processing. The ROP process was monitored by measuring the torque. The composites were synthesized rapidly using reactive processing that took under 20 min. When the catalyst amount was doubled, the reaction time was reduced to under 15 min. The dispersion, thermal transitions, mechanical properties, antioxidant activity, and optical properties of the resulting PLA-based composites were evaluated with SEM, DSC, nanoindentation, DPPH assay, and DRS spectroscopy. All reactive processing-prepared composites were characterized by means of SEM, GPC, and NMR to assess their morphology, molecular weight, and free lactide content. The benefits of the size reduction of lignin and the use of in situ ROP by reactive processing were demonstrated, as the reactive processing-produced nanolignin-containing composites had superior crystallization, mechanical, and antioxidant properties. These improvements were attributed to the participation of nanolignin in the ROP of lactide as a macroinitiator, resulting in PLA-grafted nanolignin particles that improved its dispersion.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/10/2386biobased polymerspoly(lactic acid)ligninnanoligninreactive extrusionreactive processing |
| spellingShingle | Sofia P. Makri Eleftheria Xanthopoulou Miguel Angel Valera Ana Mangas Giacomo Marra Víctor Ruiz Savvas Koltsakidis Dimitrios Tzetzis Alexandros Zoikis Karathanasis Ioanna Deligkiozi Nikolaos Nikolaidis Dimitrios Bikiaris Zoi Terzopoulou Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing Polymers biobased polymers poly(lactic acid) lignin nanolignin reactive extrusion reactive processing |
| title | Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing |
| title_full | Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing |
| title_fullStr | Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing |
| title_short | Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Lignin and Nanolignin Synthesized by In Situ Reactive Processing |
| title_sort | poly lactic acid composites with lignin and nanolignin synthesized by in situ reactive processing |
| topic | biobased polymers poly(lactic acid) lignin nanolignin reactive extrusion reactive processing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/10/2386 |
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