Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies
Background and Aim: Rabies is considered a highly fatal zoonotic disease and many deaths in humans have been associated with dog bites. This study was designed to prepare an oral anti-rabies vaccine in the form of baits to eliminate the disease in free-roaming dogs and subsequently protect humans fr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Veterinary World
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Veterinary World |
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| Online Access: | http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.15/May-2022/29.pdf |
| _version_ | 1817989115271970816 |
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| author | Naglaa I. Aly Yasser F. Elnaker Zeinab T. S. Salama Mohamed S. Diab Eman A. Saber Sotohy A. Sotohy Wael K. Elfeil Mohamed H. Khodeir |
| author_facet | Naglaa I. Aly Yasser F. Elnaker Zeinab T. S. Salama Mohamed S. Diab Eman A. Saber Sotohy A. Sotohy Wael K. Elfeil Mohamed H. Khodeir |
| author_sort | Naglaa I. Aly |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and Aim: Rabies is considered a highly fatal zoonotic disease and many deaths in humans have been associated with dog bites. This study was designed to prepare an oral anti-rabies vaccine in the form of baits to eliminate the disease in free-roaming dogs and subsequently protect humans from dog bites.
Materials and Methods: The Evelyn Rokintniki Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strain was propagated in baby hamster kidney cell cultures and adjusted to the recommended dose for application. Four forms of oral baits were employed with the rabies vaccine, which was evaluated for safety, acceptability, and potency in different dog groups. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the serum neutralization test (SNT) were used to determine the protective rabies antibody titer in the sera of vaccinated dogs.
Results: According to the results, a dose of 3 mL of the ERA strain, containing a viral titer of 107.6 TCID50/mL, induced a mean antibody titer of 25.6 by SNT, and the PI% was 75.7 by Block ELISA, providing a protective level of the rabies antibody in 100% of vaccinated dogs. All used baits were found to be safe, inducing no abnormal general post-vaccination signs (the signs are limited to mild fever, mild loss of appetite, and mild-to-moderate loss of energy for 24-36 h after vaccination).
Conclusion: It was found that most of the accepted and highly potent bait types consisted of a mixture of wheat flour, vegetable oil, sodium alginate, corn starch, meat meal, cellulose gum, and water. This dog meal was covered with bran and edible wax to seal the bait cavity after inserting the vaccine sachet. This bait was able to induce a protective level of rabies antibodies in 100% of vaccinated dogs after receiving one bait/dog. Hence, such a bait could be recommended for use in the protection of free-roaming dogs and the elimination of the disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:43:04Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1341c3cec60d45c682d6b1c605cd6a2f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0972-8988 2231-0916 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:43:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Veterinary World |
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| series | Veterinary World |
| spelling | doaj.art-1341c3cec60d45c682d6b1c605cd6a2f2022-12-22T02:22:07ZengVeterinary WorldVeterinary World0972-89882231-09162022-05-011551383139010.14202/vetworld.2022.1383-1390Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabiesNaglaa I. Aly0Yasser F. Elnaker1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1655-0501Zeinab T. S. Salama2Mohamed S. Diab3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-1534Eman A. Saber4Sotohy A. Sotohy5Wael K. Elfeil6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6777-982XMohamed H. Khodeir7Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt.Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt.Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt.Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt.Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt.Department of Animal, Poultry and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.Department of Avian and Rabbit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt.Background and Aim: Rabies is considered a highly fatal zoonotic disease and many deaths in humans have been associated with dog bites. This study was designed to prepare an oral anti-rabies vaccine in the form of baits to eliminate the disease in free-roaming dogs and subsequently protect humans from dog bites. Materials and Methods: The Evelyn Rokintniki Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strain was propagated in baby hamster kidney cell cultures and adjusted to the recommended dose for application. Four forms of oral baits were employed with the rabies vaccine, which was evaluated for safety, acceptability, and potency in different dog groups. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the serum neutralization test (SNT) were used to determine the protective rabies antibody titer in the sera of vaccinated dogs. Results: According to the results, a dose of 3 mL of the ERA strain, containing a viral titer of 107.6 TCID50/mL, induced a mean antibody titer of 25.6 by SNT, and the PI% was 75.7 by Block ELISA, providing a protective level of the rabies antibody in 100% of vaccinated dogs. All used baits were found to be safe, inducing no abnormal general post-vaccination signs (the signs are limited to mild fever, mild loss of appetite, and mild-to-moderate loss of energy for 24-36 h after vaccination). Conclusion: It was found that most of the accepted and highly potent bait types consisted of a mixture of wheat flour, vegetable oil, sodium alginate, corn starch, meat meal, cellulose gum, and water. This dog meal was covered with bran and edible wax to seal the bait cavity after inserting the vaccine sachet. This bait was able to induce a protective level of rabies antibodies in 100% of vaccinated dogs after receiving one bait/dog. Hence, such a bait could be recommended for use in the protection of free-roaming dogs and the elimination of the disease.http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.15/May-2022/29.pdfenzyme-linked immunosorbent assayoral baitspotencyrabiesserum neutralization test |
| spellingShingle | Naglaa I. Aly Yasser F. Elnaker Zeinab T. S. Salama Mohamed S. Diab Eman A. Saber Sotohy A. Sotohy Wael K. Elfeil Mohamed H. Khodeir Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies Veterinary World enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay oral baits potency rabies serum neutralization test |
| title | Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies |
| title_full | Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies |
| title_fullStr | Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies |
| title_short | Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies |
| title_sort | preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free roaming dogs against rabies |
| topic | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay oral baits potency rabies serum neutralization test |
| url | http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.15/May-2022/29.pdf |
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