Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors
Geographic location and connected environmental and edaphic factors like temperature, rainfall, soil type, and composition influence the presence and the total content of specific plant compounds as well as the presence of a certain chemotype. This study evaluated whether geographic, edaphic, and cl...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2020.00969/full |
| _version_ | 1818140321985331200 |
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| author | Ali Karimi Ali Karimi Andrea Krähmer Nadine Herwig Hartwig Schulz Javad Hadian Torsten Meiners |
| author_facet | Ali Karimi Ali Karimi Andrea Krähmer Nadine Herwig Hartwig Schulz Javad Hadian Torsten Meiners |
| author_sort | Ali Karimi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Geographic location and connected environmental and edaphic factors like temperature, rainfall, soil type, and composition influence the presence and the total content of specific plant compounds as well as the presence of a certain chemotype. This study evaluated whether geographic, edaphic, and climatic information can be utilized to predict the presence of specific compounds from medicinal or aromatic plants. Furthermore, we tested rapid analytical methods based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) coupled with gas chromatography/flame ionization (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical methods for characterization and classification metabolite profiling of Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations. Z. multiflora is an aromatic, perennial plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties. It is widely dispersed in Iran as well as in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Here, we studied the effect of environmental factors on essential oil (EO) content and the composition and distribution of chemotypes. Our results indicate that this species grows predominantly in areas rich in calcium, iron, potassium, and aluminum, with mean rainfall of 40.46 to 302.72 mm·year−1 and mean annual temperature of 14.90°C to 28.80°C. EO content ranged from 2.75% to 5.89%. Carvacrol (10.56–73.31%), thymol (3.51–48.12%), linalool (0.90–55.38%), and p-cymene (1.66–13.96%) were the major constituents, which classified 14 populations into three chemotypes. Corresponding to the phytochemical cluster analysis, the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on NIR data also recognized the carvacrol, thymol, and linalool chemotypes. Hence, NIR has the potential to be applied as a useful tool to determine rapidly the chemotypes of Z. multiflora and similar herbs. EO and EO constituent content correlated with different geographic location, climate, and edaphic factors. The structural equation models (SEMs) approach revealed direct effects of soil factors (texture, phosphor, pH) and mostly indirect effects of latitude and altitude directly affecting, e.g., soil factors. Our approach of identifying environmental predictors for EO content, chemotype or presence of high amounts of specific compounds can help to select regions for sampling plant material with the desired chemical profile for direct use or for breeding. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T10:42:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1360606d07254a019defe8fcf0f677c8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T10:42:08Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-1360606d07254a019defe8fcf0f677c82022-12-22T01:10:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2020-07-011110.3389/fpls.2020.00969508548Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic FactorsAli Karimi0Ali Karimi1Andrea Krähmer2Nadine Herwig3Hartwig Schulz4Javad Hadian5Torsten Meiners6Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyInstitute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, GermanyInstitute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, GermanyInstitute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drug Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranInstitute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, GermanyGeographic location and connected environmental and edaphic factors like temperature, rainfall, soil type, and composition influence the presence and the total content of specific plant compounds as well as the presence of a certain chemotype. This study evaluated whether geographic, edaphic, and climatic information can be utilized to predict the presence of specific compounds from medicinal or aromatic plants. Furthermore, we tested rapid analytical methods based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) coupled with gas chromatography/flame ionization (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical methods for characterization and classification metabolite profiling of Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations. Z. multiflora is an aromatic, perennial plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties. It is widely dispersed in Iran as well as in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Here, we studied the effect of environmental factors on essential oil (EO) content and the composition and distribution of chemotypes. Our results indicate that this species grows predominantly in areas rich in calcium, iron, potassium, and aluminum, with mean rainfall of 40.46 to 302.72 mm·year−1 and mean annual temperature of 14.90°C to 28.80°C. EO content ranged from 2.75% to 5.89%. Carvacrol (10.56–73.31%), thymol (3.51–48.12%), linalool (0.90–55.38%), and p-cymene (1.66–13.96%) were the major constituents, which classified 14 populations into three chemotypes. Corresponding to the phytochemical cluster analysis, the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on NIR data also recognized the carvacrol, thymol, and linalool chemotypes. Hence, NIR has the potential to be applied as a useful tool to determine rapidly the chemotypes of Z. multiflora and similar herbs. EO and EO constituent content correlated with different geographic location, climate, and edaphic factors. The structural equation models (SEMs) approach revealed direct effects of soil factors (texture, phosphor, pH) and mostly indirect effects of latitude and altitude directly affecting, e.g., soil factors. Our approach of identifying environmental predictors for EO content, chemotype or presence of high amounts of specific compounds can help to select regions for sampling plant material with the desired chemical profile for direct use or for breeding.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2020.00969/fullnear-infrared spectroscopyessential oilcarvacrollinaloolchemical diversityenvironmental factors |
| spellingShingle | Ali Karimi Ali Karimi Andrea Krähmer Nadine Herwig Hartwig Schulz Javad Hadian Torsten Meiners Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors Frontiers in Plant Science near-infrared spectroscopy essential oil carvacrol linalool chemical diversity environmental factors |
| title | Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors |
| title_full | Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors |
| title_fullStr | Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors |
| title_short | Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors |
| title_sort | variation of secondary metabolite profile of zataria multiflora boiss populations linked to geographic climatic and edaphic factors |
| topic | near-infrared spectroscopy essential oil carvacrol linalool chemical diversity environmental factors |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2020.00969/full |
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