New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection
The pathogenesis of chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is associated with Th2 and/or T regulatory immune responses, while resistance is associated with a Th1 response. However, even in the presence of IFN-γ, fungi persist in the lesions, and the reason for this persistence is unknown. To clarify the factors...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/12/1172 |
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| author | Italo N. Cavallone Walter Belda Caroline Heleno C. de Carvalho Marcia D. Laurenti Luiz Felipe D. Passero |
| author_facet | Italo N. Cavallone Walter Belda Caroline Heleno C. de Carvalho Marcia D. Laurenti Luiz Felipe D. Passero |
| author_sort | Italo N. Cavallone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The pathogenesis of chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is associated with Th2 and/or T regulatory immune responses, while resistance is associated with a Th1 response. However, even in the presence of IFN-γ, fungi persist in the lesions, and the reason for this persistence is unknown. To clarify the factors associated with pathogenesis, this study aimed to determine the polarization of the cellular immune response and the densities of cells that express markers of exhaustion in the skin of CBM patients. In the skin of patients with CBM, a moderate inflammatory infiltrate was observed, characterized primarily by the occurrence of histiocytes. Analysis of fungal density allowed us to divide patients into groups that exhibited low and high fungal densities; however, the intensity of the inflammatory response was not related to mycotic loads. Furthermore, patients with CBM exhibited a significant increase in the number of CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> cells associated with a high density of IL-10-, IL-17-, and IFN-γ-producing cells, indicating the presence of a chronic and mixed cellular immune response, which was also independent of fungal load. A significant increase in the number of PD-1<sup>+</sup> and PD-L1<sup>+</sup> cells was observed, which may be associated with the maintenance of the fungus in the skin and the progression of the disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:36:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-13681f5f0d294785be04a109ee849212 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:36:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-13681f5f0d294785be04a109ee8492122023-12-22T14:19:23ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-12-01912117210.3390/jof9121172New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human InfectionItalo N. Cavallone0Walter Belda1Caroline Heleno C. de Carvalho2Marcia D. Laurenti3Luiz Felipe D. Passero4Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, BrazilDermatology Department, Medical School, São Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, São Paulo 05403-000, BrazilDermatology Department, Medical School, São Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, São Paulo 05403-000, BrazilDermatology Department, Medical School, São Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, São Paulo 05403-000, BrazilInstitute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, São Vicente 11330-900, BrazilThe pathogenesis of chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is associated with Th2 and/or T regulatory immune responses, while resistance is associated with a Th1 response. However, even in the presence of IFN-γ, fungi persist in the lesions, and the reason for this persistence is unknown. To clarify the factors associated with pathogenesis, this study aimed to determine the polarization of the cellular immune response and the densities of cells that express markers of exhaustion in the skin of CBM patients. In the skin of patients with CBM, a moderate inflammatory infiltrate was observed, characterized primarily by the occurrence of histiocytes. Analysis of fungal density allowed us to divide patients into groups that exhibited low and high fungal densities; however, the intensity of the inflammatory response was not related to mycotic loads. Furthermore, patients with CBM exhibited a significant increase in the number of CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> cells associated with a high density of IL-10-, IL-17-, and IFN-γ-producing cells, indicating the presence of a chronic and mixed cellular immune response, which was also independent of fungal load. A significant increase in the number of PD-1<sup>+</sup> and PD-L1<sup>+</sup> cells was observed, which may be associated with the maintenance of the fungus in the skin and the progression of the disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/12/1172chromoblastomycosismelanized fungiimmunological responsecell exhaustionPD-1PD-L1 |
| spellingShingle | Italo N. Cavallone Walter Belda Caroline Heleno C. de Carvalho Marcia D. Laurenti Luiz Felipe D. Passero New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection Journal of Fungi chromoblastomycosis melanized fungi immunological response cell exhaustion PD-1 PD-L1 |
| title | New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection |
| title_full | New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection |
| title_fullStr | New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection |
| title_short | New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis—The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection |
| title_sort | new immunological markers in chromoblastomycosis the importance of pd 1 and pd l1 molecules in human infection |
| topic | chromoblastomycosis melanized fungi immunological response cell exhaustion PD-1 PD-L1 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/12/1172 |
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