Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification
This paper presents an experimental study investigating the effects of water-in-gasoline emulsion (WiGE) on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged PFI spark-ignition engine. The emulsions were produced through a micro-channels emulsifier, potentially capable to work inline, without addition...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9453 |
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| author | Cinzia Tornatore Luca Marchitto Luigi Teodosio Patrizio Massoli Jérôme Bellettre |
| author_facet | Cinzia Tornatore Luca Marchitto Luigi Teodosio Patrizio Massoli Jérôme Bellettre |
| author_sort | Cinzia Tornatore |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents an experimental study investigating the effects of water-in-gasoline emulsion (WiGE) on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged PFI spark-ignition engine. The emulsions were produced through a micro-channels emulsifier, potentially capable to work inline, without addition of surfactants. Measurements were performed at a 3000 rpm speed and net Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) of 16 bar: the engine point representative of commercial ECU map was chosen as reference. In this condition, the engine, fueled with gasoline, runs overfueled (λ = 0.9) to preserve the integrity of the turbocharger from excessive temperature, and the spark timing corresponds to the knock limit. Starting from the reference point, two different water contents in emulsion were tested, 10% and 20% by volume, respectively. For each selected emulsion, at λ = 0.9, the spark timing was advanced from the reference point value to the new knock limit, controlling the IMEP at a constant level. Further, the cooling effect of water evaporation in WiGE allowed it to work at stoichiometric condition, with evident benefits on the fuel economy. Main outcomes highlight fuel consumption improvements of about 7% under stoichiometric mixture and optimized spark timing, while avoiding an excessive increase in turbine thermal stress. Emulsions induce a slight worsening in the HC emissions, arising from the relative impact on combustion development. On the other hand, at stoichiometric condition, HC and CO emissions drop with a corresponding increase in NO. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:45:01Z |
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| id | doaj.art-1378a9375c334471aaf52bc41e4fc652 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:45:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-1378a9375c334471aaf52bc41e4fc6522023-11-22T17:18:48ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-10-011120945310.3390/app11209453Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels EmulsificationCinzia Tornatore0Luca Marchitto1Luigi Teodosio2Patrizio Massoli3Jérôme Bellettre4Institute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS-CNR), Via Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, ItalyInstitute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS-CNR), Via Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, ItalyInstitute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS-CNR), Via Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, ItalyInstitute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS-CNR), Via Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, ItalyLaboratoire de Thermique et Énergie de Nantes, Université de Nantes, CNRS, LTeN, UMR 6607, F-44000 Nantes, FranceThis paper presents an experimental study investigating the effects of water-in-gasoline emulsion (WiGE) on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged PFI spark-ignition engine. The emulsions were produced through a micro-channels emulsifier, potentially capable to work inline, without addition of surfactants. Measurements were performed at a 3000 rpm speed and net Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) of 16 bar: the engine point representative of commercial ECU map was chosen as reference. In this condition, the engine, fueled with gasoline, runs overfueled (λ = 0.9) to preserve the integrity of the turbocharger from excessive temperature, and the spark timing corresponds to the knock limit. Starting from the reference point, two different water contents in emulsion were tested, 10% and 20% by volume, respectively. For each selected emulsion, at λ = 0.9, the spark timing was advanced from the reference point value to the new knock limit, controlling the IMEP at a constant level. Further, the cooling effect of water evaporation in WiGE allowed it to work at stoichiometric condition, with evident benefits on the fuel economy. Main outcomes highlight fuel consumption improvements of about 7% under stoichiometric mixture and optimized spark timing, while avoiding an excessive increase in turbine thermal stress. Emulsions induce a slight worsening in the HC emissions, arising from the relative impact on combustion development. On the other hand, at stoichiometric condition, HC and CO emissions drop with a corresponding increase in NO.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9453water-in-gasoline emulsionmicro-channel emulsifierexperimentsspark-ignition engineperformancefuel consumption |
| spellingShingle | Cinzia Tornatore Luca Marchitto Luigi Teodosio Patrizio Massoli Jérôme Bellettre Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification Applied Sciences water-in-gasoline emulsion micro-channel emulsifier experiments spark-ignition engine performance fuel consumption |
| title | Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification |
| title_full | Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification |
| title_fullStr | Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification |
| title_short | Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification |
| title_sort | performance and emissions of a spark ignition engine fueled with water in gasoline emulsion produced through micro channels emulsification |
| topic | water-in-gasoline emulsion micro-channel emulsifier experiments spark-ignition engine performance fuel consumption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9453 |
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