Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite and marker of gut dysbiosis, has been linked to hypertension. Blood pressure is proposed to be elevated in hormonal contraceptive users and males compared to age-matched eumenorrheic females, but the extent to which TMAO differs between these p...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Metabolites |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/7/876 |
| _version_ | 1797588253429202944 |
|---|---|
| author | Samantha N. Rowland Liam M. Heaney Mariasole Da Boit Stephen J. Bailey |
| author_facet | Samantha N. Rowland Liam M. Heaney Mariasole Da Boit Stephen J. Bailey |
| author_sort | Samantha N. Rowland |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite and marker of gut dysbiosis, has been linked to hypertension. Blood pressure is proposed to be elevated in hormonal contraceptive users and males compared to age-matched eumenorrheic females, but the extent to which TMAO differs between these populations has yet to be investigated. Peripheral and central blood pressure were measured, with the latter determined via applanation tonometry, and plasma TMAO concentration was assessed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The following variables were assessed on two occasions in each of the following conditions: the early follicular phase (EFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP) in eumenorrheic women (<i>n</i> = 13), and the pill-free interval (INACTIVE) and pill consumption days (ACTIVE) in women using oral contraceptive pills (<i>n</i> = 12), and in men (<i>n</i> = 22). Briefly, 17-β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations were quantified via ELISA in all females. There were no differences in TMAO concentration between EFP (2.9 ± 1.7 μmol/L) and MLP (3.2 ± 1.1 μmol/L), between INACTIVE (3.3 ± 2.9 μmol/L) and ACTIVE (2.3 ± 1.1 μmol/L) days, or between men (3.0 ± 1.8 μmol/L), eumenorrheic women (3.0 ± 1.3 μmol/L) and contraceptive users (2.8 ± 1.4 μmol/L). Blood pressure was consistent across the menstrual cycle and pill days, but brachial systolic blood pressure was higher in males than females. There were no differences in brachial diastolic blood pressure or central blood pressure between the sexes. Repeated measures of TMAO, blood pressure, 17-β-estradiol and progesterone were consistent in all populations. These findings suggest that the link between TMAO and blood pressure is limited in healthy young adults. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:49:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-13b71cadff3a46e7996e9711ce56aa6a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:49:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-13b71cadff3a46e7996e9711ce56aa6a2023-11-18T20:28:30ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892023-07-0113787610.3390/metabo13070876Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover StudySamantha N. Rowland0Liam M. Heaney1Mariasole Da Boit2Stephen J. Bailey3School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UKSchool of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UKHealth and Life Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UKSchool of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UKTrimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite and marker of gut dysbiosis, has been linked to hypertension. Blood pressure is proposed to be elevated in hormonal contraceptive users and males compared to age-matched eumenorrheic females, but the extent to which TMAO differs between these populations has yet to be investigated. Peripheral and central blood pressure were measured, with the latter determined via applanation tonometry, and plasma TMAO concentration was assessed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The following variables were assessed on two occasions in each of the following conditions: the early follicular phase (EFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP) in eumenorrheic women (<i>n</i> = 13), and the pill-free interval (INACTIVE) and pill consumption days (ACTIVE) in women using oral contraceptive pills (<i>n</i> = 12), and in men (<i>n</i> = 22). Briefly, 17-β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations were quantified via ELISA in all females. There were no differences in TMAO concentration between EFP (2.9 ± 1.7 μmol/L) and MLP (3.2 ± 1.1 μmol/L), between INACTIVE (3.3 ± 2.9 μmol/L) and ACTIVE (2.3 ± 1.1 μmol/L) days, or between men (3.0 ± 1.8 μmol/L), eumenorrheic women (3.0 ± 1.3 μmol/L) and contraceptive users (2.8 ± 1.4 μmol/L). Blood pressure was consistent across the menstrual cycle and pill days, but brachial systolic blood pressure was higher in males than females. There were no differences in brachial diastolic blood pressure or central blood pressure between the sexes. Repeated measures of TMAO, blood pressure, 17-β-estradiol and progesterone were consistent in all populations. These findings suggest that the link between TMAO and blood pressure is limited in healthy young adults.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/7/876gut metaboliteliquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometrycardiovascular healthmenstrual cyclehormonal contraceptivesbiological sex |
| spellingShingle | Samantha N. Rowland Liam M. Heaney Mariasole Da Boit Stephen J. Bailey Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study Metabolites gut metabolite liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry cardiovascular health menstrual cycle hormonal contraceptives biological sex |
| title | Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study |
| title_full | Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study |
| title_fullStr | Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study |
| title_short | Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration and Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men and Women: A Replicated Crossover Study |
| title_sort | trimethylamine n oxide concentration and blood pressure in young healthy men and women a replicated crossover study |
| topic | gut metabolite liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry cardiovascular health menstrual cycle hormonal contraceptives biological sex |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/7/876 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT samanthanrowland trimethylaminenoxideconcentrationandbloodpressureinyounghealthymenandwomenareplicatedcrossoverstudy AT liammheaney trimethylaminenoxideconcentrationandbloodpressureinyounghealthymenandwomenareplicatedcrossoverstudy AT mariasoledaboit trimethylaminenoxideconcentrationandbloodpressureinyounghealthymenandwomenareplicatedcrossoverstudy AT stephenjbailey trimethylaminenoxideconcentrationandbloodpressureinyounghealthymenandwomenareplicatedcrossoverstudy |