Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting Rooting
Adventitious root (AR) formation is vital for successful cutting propagation in plants, while the dynamic regulation of phytohormones is viewed as one of the most important factors affecting AR formation. <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i>, a hard-to-root plant, is faced with the bottleneck of c...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Yuan Tian Wanxia Yang Shiying Wan Shengzuo Fang |
| author_facet | Yuan Tian Wanxia Yang Shiying Wan Shengzuo Fang |
| author_sort | Yuan Tian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Adventitious root (AR) formation is vital for successful cutting propagation in plants, while the dynamic regulation of phytohormones is viewed as one of the most important factors affecting AR formation. <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i>, a hard-to-root plant, is faced with the bottleneck of cloning its superior varieties in practice. In this study, ten treatments were designed to figure out the best hormone-based formula for promoting AR formation in softwood cuttings and explore their hormone-regulating mechanisms. Both the rooting process and the rooting parameters of the softwood cuttings were significantly affected by different hormone-based formulas (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while the greatest rooting rate (93%) and root quality index were achieved in the H3 formula (SR3:IR3 = 1:1). Significant differences in the measured phytohormone concentrations, as well as in their ratios, were detected among the cuttings sampled at various AR formation stages (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas the dynamics for each phytohormone varied greatly during AR formation. The transcriptome analysis showed 12,028 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified during the rooting process of <i>C. paliurus</i> cuttings, while the KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that a total of 20 KEGG terms were significantly enriched in all the comparison samples, with 253 DEGs detected in signal transduction. Furthermore, 19 genes with vital functions in regulating the hormone signaling pathway were identified by means of a WGCNA analysis. Our results not only optimize a hormone-based formula for improving the rooting of <i>C. paliurus</i> cuttings but also provide an insight into the hormonal regulatory network during AR formation in softwood <i>C. paliurus</i> cuttings. |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-13da82507dcc495aac49dee329ff6da52024-01-29T13:59:54ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-01-01252134310.3390/ijms25021343Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting RootingYuan Tian0Wanxia Yang1Shiying Wan2Shengzuo Fang3College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaAdventitious root (AR) formation is vital for successful cutting propagation in plants, while the dynamic regulation of phytohormones is viewed as one of the most important factors affecting AR formation. <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i>, a hard-to-root plant, is faced with the bottleneck of cloning its superior varieties in practice. In this study, ten treatments were designed to figure out the best hormone-based formula for promoting AR formation in softwood cuttings and explore their hormone-regulating mechanisms. Both the rooting process and the rooting parameters of the softwood cuttings were significantly affected by different hormone-based formulas (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while the greatest rooting rate (93%) and root quality index were achieved in the H3 formula (SR3:IR3 = 1:1). Significant differences in the measured phytohormone concentrations, as well as in their ratios, were detected among the cuttings sampled at various AR formation stages (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas the dynamics for each phytohormone varied greatly during AR formation. The transcriptome analysis showed 12,028 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified during the rooting process of <i>C. paliurus</i> cuttings, while the KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that a total of 20 KEGG terms were significantly enriched in all the comparison samples, with 253 DEGs detected in signal transduction. Furthermore, 19 genes with vital functions in regulating the hormone signaling pathway were identified by means of a WGCNA analysis. Our results not only optimize a hormone-based formula for improving the rooting of <i>C. paliurus</i> cuttings but also provide an insight into the hormonal regulatory network during AR formation in softwood <i>C. paliurus</i> cuttings.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1343wheel wingnutrooting parametershormone signaling pathwaystructural gene expressiontranscriptomeWGCNA |
| spellingShingle | Yuan Tian Wanxia Yang Shiying Wan Shengzuo Fang Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting Rooting International Journal of Molecular Sciences wheel wingnut rooting parameters hormone signaling pathway structural gene expression transcriptome WGCNA |
| title | Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting Rooting |
| title_full | Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting Rooting |
| title_fullStr | Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting Rooting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting Rooting |
| title_short | Insights into the Hormone-Regulating Mechanism of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of <i>Cyclocarya paliurus</i> and Optimization of the Hormone-Based Formula for Promoting Rooting |
| title_sort | insights into the hormone regulating mechanism of adventitious root formation in softwood cuttings of i cyclocarya paliurus i and optimization of the hormone based formula for promoting rooting |
| topic | wheel wingnut rooting parameters hormone signaling pathway structural gene expression transcriptome WGCNA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/1343 |
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