Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic Plants
Herbal and traditional medicines can play a pivotal role in combating cancer and neglected tropical diseases. <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i>, family Lamiaceae, is an important medicinal plant. The genetic transformation of <i>A. bracteosa</i> with <i>rol</i> genes of <...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/9/1894 |
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| author | Samina Rubnawaz Mohammad K. Okla Nosheen Akhtar Imdad Ullah Khan Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti Hong-Quan Duong Mohamed A. El-Tayeb Yahaya B. Elbadawi Khalid S. Almaary Ihab M. Moussa Zahid Khurshid Abbas Bushra Mirza |
| author_facet | Samina Rubnawaz Mohammad K. Okla Nosheen Akhtar Imdad Ullah Khan Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti Hong-Quan Duong Mohamed A. El-Tayeb Yahaya B. Elbadawi Khalid S. Almaary Ihab M. Moussa Zahid Khurshid Abbas Bushra Mirza |
| author_sort | Samina Rubnawaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Herbal and traditional medicines can play a pivotal role in combating cancer and neglected tropical diseases. <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i>, family Lamiaceae, is an important medicinal plant. The genetic transformation of <i>A. bracteosa</i> with <i>rol</i> genes of <i>Agrobacterium rhizogenes</i> further enhances its metabolic content. This study aimed at undertaking the molecular, phytochemical, and in vitro biological analysis of <i>A. bracteosa</i> extracts. We transformed the <i>A. bracteosa</i> plant with <i>rol</i> genes and raised the regenerants from the hairy roots. Transgenic integration and expression of <i>rolB</i> were confirmed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and qPCR analysis. The methanol: chloroform crude extracts of wild-type plants and transgenic regenerants were screened for in vitro antibacterial, antihemolytic, cytotoxic, anticancer, and leishmanial activity. Among all plants, transgenic line 3 (ABRL3) showed the highest expression of the <i>rolB</i> gene. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis confirmed the enhanced number of functional groups of active compounds in all transgenic lines. Moreover, ABRL3 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, minimum hemolytic activity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 7293.05 ± 7 μg/mL) and maximum antileishmanial activity (IC<sub>50</sub> of 56.16 ± 2 μg/mL). ABRL1 demonstrated the most prominent brine shrimp cytotoxicity (LD<sub>50</sub>39.6 ± 4 μg/mL). ABRL3 was most effective against various human cancer cell lines with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 57.1 ± 2.2 μg/mL, 46.2 ± 1.1 μg/mL, 72.4 ± 1.3 μg/mL, 73.3 ± 2.1 μg/mL, 98.7 ± 1.6 μg/mL, and 97.1 ± 2.5 μg/mL against HepG2, LM3, A549, HT29, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Overall, these transgenic extracts may offer a cheaper therapeutic source than the more expensive synthetic drugs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:17:02Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:17:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-13e9adc6b54a4a0ca984f1d06d87734c2023-11-22T14:53:21ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-09-01109189410.3390/plants10091894Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic PlantsSamina Rubnawaz0Mohammad K. Okla1Nosheen Akhtar2Imdad Ullah Khan3Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti4Hong-Quan Duong5Mohamed A. El-Tayeb6Yahaya B. Elbadawi7Khalid S. Almaary8Ihab M. Moussa9Zahid Khurshid Abbas10Bushra Mirza11Department of Biochemistry, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanDepartment of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, PakistanDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanLaboratory Center, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 100000, VietnamBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaBiology Department, College of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanHerbal and traditional medicines can play a pivotal role in combating cancer and neglected tropical diseases. <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i>, family Lamiaceae, is an important medicinal plant. The genetic transformation of <i>A. bracteosa</i> with <i>rol</i> genes of <i>Agrobacterium rhizogenes</i> further enhances its metabolic content. This study aimed at undertaking the molecular, phytochemical, and in vitro biological analysis of <i>A. bracteosa</i> extracts. We transformed the <i>A. bracteosa</i> plant with <i>rol</i> genes and raised the regenerants from the hairy roots. Transgenic integration and expression of <i>rolB</i> were confirmed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and qPCR analysis. The methanol: chloroform crude extracts of wild-type plants and transgenic regenerants were screened for in vitro antibacterial, antihemolytic, cytotoxic, anticancer, and leishmanial activity. Among all plants, transgenic line 3 (ABRL3) showed the highest expression of the <i>rolB</i> gene. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis confirmed the enhanced number of functional groups of active compounds in all transgenic lines. Moreover, ABRL3 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, minimum hemolytic activity (CC<sub>50</sub> = 7293.05 ± 7 μg/mL) and maximum antileishmanial activity (IC<sub>50</sub> of 56.16 ± 2 μg/mL). ABRL1 demonstrated the most prominent brine shrimp cytotoxicity (LD<sub>50</sub>39.6 ± 4 μg/mL). ABRL3 was most effective against various human cancer cell lines with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 57.1 ± 2.2 μg/mL, 46.2 ± 1.1 μg/mL, 72.4 ± 1.3 μg/mL, 73.3 ± 2.1 μg/mL, 98.7 ± 1.6 μg/mL, and 97.1 ± 2.5 μg/mL against HepG2, LM3, A549, HT29, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Overall, these transgenic extracts may offer a cheaper therapeutic source than the more expensive synthetic drugs.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/9/1894<i>Ajuga bracteosa</i>qPCRFTIRprincipal component analysisantibacterialantihemolytic |
| spellingShingle | Samina Rubnawaz Mohammad K. Okla Nosheen Akhtar Imdad Ullah Khan Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti Hong-Quan Duong Mohamed A. El-Tayeb Yahaya B. Elbadawi Khalid S. Almaary Ihab M. Moussa Zahid Khurshid Abbas Bushra Mirza Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic Plants Plants <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> qPCR FTIR principal component analysis antibacterial antihemolytic |
| title | Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic Plants |
| title_full | Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic Plants |
| title_fullStr | Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic Plants |
| title_short | Antibacterial, Antihemolytic, Cytotoxic, Anticancer, and Antileishmanial Effects of <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> Transgenic Plants |
| title_sort | antibacterial antihemolytic cytotoxic anticancer and antileishmanial effects of i ajuga bracteosa i transgenic plants |
| topic | <i>Ajuga bracteosa</i> qPCR FTIR principal component analysis antibacterial antihemolytic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/9/1894 |
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