Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic
Abstract An evaluation of the performance of a recently developed formulation of (lead‐free) Sodium‐Bismuth titanate – Barium Titanate (NBT‐BT) piezoceramic is presented through the construction and testing of several immersion transducers based around a new material formulation “Pz12” from CTS Ferr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2023-06-01
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| Series: | The Journal of Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12282 |
| _version_ | 1797794540346671104 |
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| author | Thomas R. P. Kelley |
| author_facet | Thomas R. P. Kelley |
| author_sort | Thomas R. P. Kelley |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract An evaluation of the performance of a recently developed formulation of (lead‐free) Sodium‐Bismuth titanate – Barium Titanate (NBT‐BT) piezoceramic is presented through the construction and testing of several immersion transducers based around a new material formulation “Pz12” from CTS Ferroperm (Kvistgaard, Denmark). Results are intended to yield insight into the applicability of this lead‐free material for use within industrial, NDT, medical or underwater sectors through the reporting of experimentally realised performance characteristics. Results of several performance tests are reported including: pulse‐echo amplitude, electrical insertion loss, transducer efficiency, power output and transmitting voltage response (TVR). Benchmarking is provided against comparable lead zirconate‐titanate (PZT) based transducers using an industry standard Navy Type 1 (Pz26, CTS Ferroperm). Performance of the Pz12 transducers was found to exceed expectations, although was lower than that of the comparable Pz26 transducers. Pulse‐echo amplitudes indicated a −4.3 dB relative amplitude between lead and lead‐free variants with electrical insertion loss and transmitting voltage response both showing an average −3.1 dB between the Pz12 and Pz26. Electroacoustic conversion efficiencies of up to 52% are reported for the Pz12 transducers compared with a 62% maximum efficiency for the Pz26 variant. Temperature stability is also investigated in the 10–70 ˚C range. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T03:04:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-14149f1adb8846bebd0b64f14f252a6b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2051-3305 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T03:04:29Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Journal of Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-14149f1adb8846bebd0b64f14f252a6b2023-06-27T07:44:34ZengWileyThe Journal of Engineering2051-33052023-06-0120236n/an/a10.1049/tje2.12282Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramicThomas R. P. Kelley0Sensors department Precision Acoustics, Dorchester, DT2 8QH UKAbstract An evaluation of the performance of a recently developed formulation of (lead‐free) Sodium‐Bismuth titanate – Barium Titanate (NBT‐BT) piezoceramic is presented through the construction and testing of several immersion transducers based around a new material formulation “Pz12” from CTS Ferroperm (Kvistgaard, Denmark). Results are intended to yield insight into the applicability of this lead‐free material for use within industrial, NDT, medical or underwater sectors through the reporting of experimentally realised performance characteristics. Results of several performance tests are reported including: pulse‐echo amplitude, electrical insertion loss, transducer efficiency, power output and transmitting voltage response (TVR). Benchmarking is provided against comparable lead zirconate‐titanate (PZT) based transducers using an industry standard Navy Type 1 (Pz26, CTS Ferroperm). Performance of the Pz12 transducers was found to exceed expectations, although was lower than that of the comparable Pz26 transducers. Pulse‐echo amplitudes indicated a −4.3 dB relative amplitude between lead and lead‐free variants with electrical insertion loss and transmitting voltage response both showing an average −3.1 dB between the Pz12 and Pz26. Electroacoustic conversion efficiencies of up to 52% are reported for the Pz12 transducers compared with a 62% maximum efficiency for the Pz26 variant. Temperature stability is also investigated in the 10–70 ˚C range.https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12282environmental factorslead compoundssensors |
| spellingShingle | Thomas R. P. Kelley Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic The Journal of Engineering environmental factors lead compounds sensors |
| title | Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic |
| title_full | Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic |
| title_fullStr | Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic |
| title_short | Lead‐free versus PZT: Acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead‐free NBT‐BT piezoceramic |
| title_sort | lead free versus pzt acoustic characterization of ultrasonic immersion transducers fabricated with lead free nbt bt piezoceramic |
| topic | environmental factors lead compounds sensors |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12282 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT thomasrpkelley leadfreeversuspztacousticcharacterizationofultrasonicimmersiontransducersfabricatedwithleadfreenbtbtpiezoceramic |