The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging
The prevention of biofilm formation is crucial for the limitation of bacterial infections typically associated with postoperative infections, complications in bedridden patients, and a short-term prognosis in affected cancer patients or mechanically ventilated patients. Antimicrobial photodynamic th...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/11/6137 |
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| author | Aleksandra Pietrowska Iwona Hołowacz Agnieszka Ulatowska-Jarża Mateusz Guźniczak Anna K. Matczuk Alina Wieliczko Mirela Wolf-Baca Igor Buzalewicz |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Pietrowska Iwona Hołowacz Agnieszka Ulatowska-Jarża Mateusz Guźniczak Anna K. Matczuk Alina Wieliczko Mirela Wolf-Baca Igor Buzalewicz |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Pietrowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The prevention of biofilm formation is crucial for the limitation of bacterial infections typically associated with postoperative infections, complications in bedridden patients, and a short-term prognosis in affected cancer patients or mechanically ventilated patients. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) emerges as a promising alternative for the prevention of infections due to the inability of bacteria to become resistant to aPDT inactivation processes. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of a functionalized combination of Chlorin e6 and Pheophorbide as a new approach to more effective aPDT by increasing the accumulation of photosensitizers (PSs) within <i>Escherichia coli</i> cells. The accumulation of PSs and changes in the dry mass density of single-cell bacteria before and after aPDT treatment were investigated by digital holotomography (DHT) using the refractive index as an imaging contrast for 3D label-free live bacteria cell imaging. The results confirmed that DHT can be used in complex examination of the cell–photosensitizer interaction and characterization of the efficiency of aPDT. Furthermore, the use of Pheophorbide a as an efflux pomp inhibitor in combination with Chlorin e6 increases photosensitizers accumulation within <i>E. coli</i> and overcomes the limited penetration of Gram-negative cells by anionic and neutral photosensitizers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:14:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1414bbed52d945b182881c044cda96a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:14:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-1414bbed52d945b182881c044cda96a22023-11-23T14:10:14ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-05-012311613710.3390/ijms23116137The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase ImagingAleksandra Pietrowska0Iwona Hołowacz1Agnieszka Ulatowska-Jarża2Mateusz Guźniczak3Anna K. Matczuk4Alina Wieliczko5Mirela Wolf-Baca6Igor Buzalewicz7Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida St., 51-375 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Epizootiology and Veterinary Administration with Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 45 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-366 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego St., 50-370 Wrocław, PolandThe prevention of biofilm formation is crucial for the limitation of bacterial infections typically associated with postoperative infections, complications in bedridden patients, and a short-term prognosis in affected cancer patients or mechanically ventilated patients. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) emerges as a promising alternative for the prevention of infections due to the inability of bacteria to become resistant to aPDT inactivation processes. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of a functionalized combination of Chlorin e6 and Pheophorbide as a new approach to more effective aPDT by increasing the accumulation of photosensitizers (PSs) within <i>Escherichia coli</i> cells. The accumulation of PSs and changes in the dry mass density of single-cell bacteria before and after aPDT treatment were investigated by digital holotomography (DHT) using the refractive index as an imaging contrast for 3D label-free live bacteria cell imaging. The results confirmed that DHT can be used in complex examination of the cell–photosensitizer interaction and characterization of the efficiency of aPDT. Furthermore, the use of Pheophorbide a as an efflux pomp inhibitor in combination with Chlorin e6 increases photosensitizers accumulation within <i>E. coli</i> and overcomes the limited penetration of Gram-negative cells by anionic and neutral photosensitizers.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/11/6137antimicrobial photodynamic therapyphotodynamic inactivationdigital holotomographyquantitative phase imagingChlorin e6Pheophorbide a |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Pietrowska Iwona Hołowacz Agnieszka Ulatowska-Jarża Mateusz Guźniczak Anna K. Matczuk Alina Wieliczko Mirela Wolf-Baca Igor Buzalewicz The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging International Journal of Molecular Sciences antimicrobial photodynamic therapy photodynamic inactivation digital holotomography quantitative phase imaging Chlorin e6 Pheophorbide a |
| title | The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging |
| title_full | The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging |
| title_fullStr | The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging |
| title_short | The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging |
| title_sort | enhancement of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of i escherichia coli i by a functionalized combination of photosensitizers in vitro examination of single cells by quantitative phase imaging |
| topic | antimicrobial photodynamic therapy photodynamic inactivation digital holotomography quantitative phase imaging Chlorin e6 Pheophorbide a |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/11/6137 |
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