<i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An Update
<i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal−oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of cont...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317 |
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| author | Sonia Almeria Hediye N. Cinar Jitender P. Dubey |
| author_facet | Sonia Almeria Hediye N. Cinar Jitender P. Dubey |
| author_sort | Sonia Almeria |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal−oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by <i>C. cayetanensis</i> is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, <i>C. cayetanensis</i> affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for <i>C. cayetanensis</i> infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of <i>C. cayetanensis</i>; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T12:41:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1459e430c6df4ee5977b15b5ba9ce7c7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T12:41:59Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-1459e430c6df4ee5977b15b5ba9ce7c72022-12-22T01:48:30ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072019-09-017931710.3390/microorganisms7090317microorganisms7090317<i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An UpdateSonia Almeria0Hediye N. Cinar1Jitender P. Dubey2Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USADepartment of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USAAnimal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA<i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal−oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by <i>C. cayetanensis</i> is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, <i>C. cayetanensis</i> affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for <i>C. cayetanensis</i> infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of <i>C. cayetanensis</i>; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317Cyclosporahumansepidemiologydiagnosislife cyclecontrol |
| spellingShingle | Sonia Almeria Hediye N. Cinar Jitender P. Dubey <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An Update Microorganisms Cyclospora humans epidemiology diagnosis life cycle control |
| title | <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An Update |
| title_full | <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An Update |
| title_fullStr | <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An Update |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An Update |
| title_short | <i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i> and Cyclosporiasis: An Update |
| title_sort | i cyclospora cayetanensis i and cyclosporiasis an update |
| topic | Cyclospora humans epidemiology diagnosis life cycle control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317 |
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