Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO Survey
The increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage of patients in the absence of routine genotyping tests and in the context of active labor migration highlight the importance of HIV-1 drug resistance (DR) surveillance in Armenia. We conducted a two-phase pretreatment DR (PDR) study in 2017–2018 (p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/11/2320 |
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| author | Alina Kirichenko Dmitry Kireev Ilya Lapovok Anastasia Shlykova Alexey Lopatukhin Anastasia Pokrovskaya Natalya Ladnaya Trdat Grigoryan Arshak Petrosyan Tatevik Sarhatyan Narina Sargsyants Tamara Hovsepyan Hovsep Ghazaryan Hermine Hovakimyan Siranush Martoyan Vadim Pokrovsky |
| author_facet | Alina Kirichenko Dmitry Kireev Ilya Lapovok Anastasia Shlykova Alexey Lopatukhin Anastasia Pokrovskaya Natalya Ladnaya Trdat Grigoryan Arshak Petrosyan Tatevik Sarhatyan Narina Sargsyants Tamara Hovsepyan Hovsep Ghazaryan Hermine Hovakimyan Siranush Martoyan Vadim Pokrovsky |
| author_sort | Alina Kirichenko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage of patients in the absence of routine genotyping tests and in the context of active labor migration highlight the importance of HIV-1 drug resistance (DR) surveillance in Armenia. We conducted a two-phase pretreatment DR (PDR) study in 2017–2018 (phase I; 120 patients) and 2020–2021 (phase II; 133 patients) according to the WHO-approved protocol. The analysis of HIV-1 genetic variants showed high degrees of viral diversity, with the predominance of A6. The prevalence of any PDR was 9.2% in phase I and 7.5% in phase II. PDR to protease inhibitors was found only in 0.8% in phase II. PDR to efavirenz and nevirapine was found among 5.0% and 6.7% of patients in phase I, and 6.0% and 6.8% of patients in phase II, respectively. The prevalence of PDR to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors decreased from 5.0% in phase I to 0.8% in phase II. In addition, we identified risk factors associated with the emergence of DR—male, MSM, subtype B, and residence in or around the capital of Armenia—and showed the active spread of HIV-1 among MSM in transmission clusters, i.e., harboring DR, which requires the immediate attention of public health policymakers for the prevention of HIV-1 DR spread in the country. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:33:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1469dcca47a14414891bf315be23ef01 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:33:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-1469dcca47a14414891bf315be23ef012023-11-24T07:15:20ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-10-011411232010.3390/v14112320Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO SurveyAlina Kirichenko0Dmitry Kireev1Ilya Lapovok2Anastasia Shlykova3Alexey Lopatukhin4Anastasia Pokrovskaya5Natalya Ladnaya6Trdat Grigoryan7Arshak Petrosyan8Tatevik Sarhatyan9Narina Sargsyants10Tamara Hovsepyan11Hovsep Ghazaryan12Hermine Hovakimyan13Siranush Martoyan14Vadim Pokrovsky15Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaNational Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, ArmeniaCentral Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, RussiaThe increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage of patients in the absence of routine genotyping tests and in the context of active labor migration highlight the importance of HIV-1 drug resistance (DR) surveillance in Armenia. We conducted a two-phase pretreatment DR (PDR) study in 2017–2018 (phase I; 120 patients) and 2020–2021 (phase II; 133 patients) according to the WHO-approved protocol. The analysis of HIV-1 genetic variants showed high degrees of viral diversity, with the predominance of A6. The prevalence of any PDR was 9.2% in phase I and 7.5% in phase II. PDR to protease inhibitors was found only in 0.8% in phase II. PDR to efavirenz and nevirapine was found among 5.0% and 6.7% of patients in phase I, and 6.0% and 6.8% of patients in phase II, respectively. The prevalence of PDR to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors decreased from 5.0% in phase I to 0.8% in phase II. In addition, we identified risk factors associated with the emergence of DR—male, MSM, subtype B, and residence in or around the capital of Armenia—and showed the active spread of HIV-1 among MSM in transmission clusters, i.e., harboring DR, which requires the immediate attention of public health policymakers for the prevention of HIV-1 DR spread in the country.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/11/2320HIV-1PDRdrug resistanceEECAArmenia |
| spellingShingle | Alina Kirichenko Dmitry Kireev Ilya Lapovok Anastasia Shlykova Alexey Lopatukhin Anastasia Pokrovskaya Natalya Ladnaya Trdat Grigoryan Arshak Petrosyan Tatevik Sarhatyan Narina Sargsyants Tamara Hovsepyan Hovsep Ghazaryan Hermine Hovakimyan Siranush Martoyan Vadim Pokrovsky Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO Survey Viruses HIV-1 PDR drug resistance EECA Armenia |
| title | Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO Survey |
| title_full | Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO Survey |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO Survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO Survey |
| title_short | Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017–2018 and 2020–2021 following a WHO Survey |
| title_sort | prevalence of pretreatment hiv 1 drug resistance in armenia in 2017 2018 and 2020 2021 following a who survey |
| topic | HIV-1 PDR drug resistance EECA Armenia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/11/2320 |
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