Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 Lymphocytes
The activation of T helper (Th) lymphocytes is necessary for the adaptive immune response as they contribute to the stimulation of B cells (for the secretion of antibodies) and macrophages (for phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens) and are necessary for cytotoxic T-cell activation to kill infec...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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author | María José Feito Mónica Cicuéndez Laura Casarrubios Rosalía Diez-Orejas Sara Fateixa Daniela Silva Nathalie Barroca Paula A. A. P. Marques María Teresa Portolés |
author_facet | María José Feito Mónica Cicuéndez Laura Casarrubios Rosalía Diez-Orejas Sara Fateixa Daniela Silva Nathalie Barroca Paula A. A. P. Marques María Teresa Portolés |
author_sort | María José Feito |
collection | DOAJ |
description | The activation of T helper (Th) lymphocytes is necessary for the adaptive immune response as they contribute to the stimulation of B cells (for the secretion of antibodies) and macrophages (for phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens) and are necessary for cytotoxic T-cell activation to kill infected target cells. For these issues, Th lymphocytes must be converted into Th effector cells after their stimulation through their surface receptors TCR/CD3 (by binding to peptide-major histocompatibility complex localized on antigen-presenting cells) and the CD4 co-receptor. After stimulation, Th cells proliferate and differentiate into subpopulations, like Th1, Th2 or Th17, with different functions during the adaptative immune response. Due to the central role of the activation of Th lymphocytes for an accurate adaptative immune response and considering recent preclinical advances in the use of nanomaterials to enhance T-cell therapy, we evaluated in vitro the effects of graphene oxide (GO) and two types of reduced GO (rGO15 and rGO30) nanostructures on the Th2 lymphocyte cell line SR.D10. This cell line offers the possibility of studying their activation threshold by employing soluble antibodies against TCR/CD3 and against CD4, as well as the simultaneous activation of these two receptors. In the present study, the effects of GO, rGO15 and rGO30 on the activation/proliferation rate of these Th2 lymphocytes have been analyzed by studying cell viability, cell cycle phases, intracellular content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine secretion. High lymphocyte viability values were obtained after treatment with these nanostructures, as well as increased proliferation in the presence of rGOs. Moreover, rGO15 treatment decreased the intracellular ROS content of Th2 cells in all stimulated conditions. The analysis of these parameters showed that the presence of these GO and rGO nanostructures did not alter the response of Th2 lymphocytes. |
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spelling | doaj.art-14a0d1ef2aaa4473b4e20612fe272c5c2023-11-23T16:45:20ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-09-0123181062510.3390/ijms231810625Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 LymphocytesMaría José Feito0Mónica Cicuéndez1Laura Casarrubios2Rosalía Diez-Orejas3Sara Fateixa4Daniela Silva5Nathalie Barroca6Paula A. A. P. Marques7María Teresa Portolés8Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartamento de Química en Ciencias Farmaceúticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCentre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCentre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCentre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalDepartamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, SpainThe activation of T helper (Th) lymphocytes is necessary for the adaptive immune response as they contribute to the stimulation of B cells (for the secretion of antibodies) and macrophages (for phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens) and are necessary for cytotoxic T-cell activation to kill infected target cells. For these issues, Th lymphocytes must be converted into Th effector cells after their stimulation through their surface receptors TCR/CD3 (by binding to peptide-major histocompatibility complex localized on antigen-presenting cells) and the CD4 co-receptor. After stimulation, Th cells proliferate and differentiate into subpopulations, like Th1, Th2 or Th17, with different functions during the adaptative immune response. Due to the central role of the activation of Th lymphocytes for an accurate adaptative immune response and considering recent preclinical advances in the use of nanomaterials to enhance T-cell therapy, we evaluated in vitro the effects of graphene oxide (GO) and two types of reduced GO (rGO15 and rGO30) nanostructures on the Th2 lymphocyte cell line SR.D10. This cell line offers the possibility of studying their activation threshold by employing soluble antibodies against TCR/CD3 and against CD4, as well as the simultaneous activation of these two receptors. In the present study, the effects of GO, rGO15 and rGO30 on the activation/proliferation rate of these Th2 lymphocytes have been analyzed by studying cell viability, cell cycle phases, intracellular content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine secretion. High lymphocyte viability values were obtained after treatment with these nanostructures, as well as increased proliferation in the presence of rGOs. Moreover, rGO15 treatment decreased the intracellular ROS content of Th2 cells in all stimulated conditions. The analysis of these parameters showed that the presence of these GO and rGO nanostructures did not alter the response of Th2 lymphocytes.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10625graphene oxidereduced graphene oxidelymphocyteCD4CD3immune response |
spellingShingle | María José Feito Mónica Cicuéndez Laura Casarrubios Rosalía Diez-Orejas Sara Fateixa Daniela Silva Nathalie Barroca Paula A. A. P. Marques María Teresa Portolés Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 Lymphocytes International Journal of Molecular Sciences graphene oxide reduced graphene oxide lymphocyte CD4 CD3 immune response |
title | Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 Lymphocytes |
title_full | Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 Lymphocytes |
title_fullStr | Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 Lymphocytes |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 Lymphocytes |
title_short | Effects of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanostructures on CD4<sup>+</sup> Th2 Lymphocytes |
title_sort | effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanostructures on cd4 sup sup th2 lymphocytes |
topic | graphene oxide reduced graphene oxide lymphocyte CD4 CD3 immune response |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10625 |
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