Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their Interactions
The incidence of gastrointestinal illness attributable to <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (ST) remains a concern for public health worldwide, as it can progress into systemic infections mediated by the type-three secretion system (T3SS), which allows for adherence and inva...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/6/1364 |
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| author | Zabdiel Alvarado-Martinez Zajeba Tabashsum Arpita Aditya Katherine Hshieh Grace Suh Matthew Wall Aaron Scriba George Sellers Christa Canagarajah Sarika Kapadia Debabrata Biswas |
| author_facet | Zabdiel Alvarado-Martinez Zajeba Tabashsum Arpita Aditya Katherine Hshieh Grace Suh Matthew Wall Aaron Scriba George Sellers Christa Canagarajah Sarika Kapadia Debabrata Biswas |
| author_sort | Zabdiel Alvarado-Martinez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The incidence of gastrointestinal illness attributable to <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (ST) remains a concern for public health worldwide, as it can progress into systemic infections mediated by the type-three secretion system (T3SS), which allows for adherence and invasion to intestinal epithelial cells. The current study evaluates the ability of gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA), and vanillic acid (VA) to impair the adhesion and invasion abilities of ST to a human epithelial (INT-407) cell monolayer while also assessing their cytotoxicity. GA, PA, and VA inhibited detectable ST growth at specific concentrations but showed cytotoxicity against INT-407 cells (>20% reduction in viability) after 3 h of treatments. Adjusting the pH of the solutions had a neutralizing effect on cytotoxicity, though it did reduce their antimicrobial potency. Adhesion of ST was reduced significantly when the cells were treated with 4.0 mg/mL of VA, whereas invasion was reduced in all treatments, with GA requiring the lowest concentration (0.5 mg/mL). Relative gene expression of virulence genes after treatment with GA showed downregulation in the T3SS regulator and effector <i>hilA</i> and <i>sipA</i>, respectively. These findings suggest further use of phenolic acids in reducing the activity of key virulence factors critical during ST infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:57:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-14ae08eb64694d44b78e70b464ee4da6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:57:57Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-14ae08eb64694d44b78e70b464ee4da62024-03-27T13:57:10ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-03-01296136410.3390/molecules29061364Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their InteractionsZabdiel Alvarado-Martinez0Zajeba Tabashsum1Arpita Aditya2Katherine Hshieh3Grace Suh4Matthew Wall5Aaron Scriba6George Sellers7Christa Canagarajah8Sarika Kapadia9Debabrata Biswas10Biological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USABiological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USABiological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAThe incidence of gastrointestinal illness attributable to <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (ST) remains a concern for public health worldwide, as it can progress into systemic infections mediated by the type-three secretion system (T3SS), which allows for adherence and invasion to intestinal epithelial cells. The current study evaluates the ability of gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA), and vanillic acid (VA) to impair the adhesion and invasion abilities of ST to a human epithelial (INT-407) cell monolayer while also assessing their cytotoxicity. GA, PA, and VA inhibited detectable ST growth at specific concentrations but showed cytotoxicity against INT-407 cells (>20% reduction in viability) after 3 h of treatments. Adjusting the pH of the solutions had a neutralizing effect on cytotoxicity, though it did reduce their antimicrobial potency. Adhesion of ST was reduced significantly when the cells were treated with 4.0 mg/mL of VA, whereas invasion was reduced in all treatments, with GA requiring the lowest concentration (0.5 mg/mL). Relative gene expression of virulence genes after treatment with GA showed downregulation in the T3SS regulator and effector <i>hilA</i> and <i>sipA</i>, respectively. These findings suggest further use of phenolic acids in reducing the activity of key virulence factors critical during ST infection.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/6/1364gallic acidprotocatechuic acidvanillic acid<i>Salmonella</i> TyphimuriumINT-407invasion |
| spellingShingle | Zabdiel Alvarado-Martinez Zajeba Tabashsum Arpita Aditya Katherine Hshieh Grace Suh Matthew Wall Aaron Scriba George Sellers Christa Canagarajah Sarika Kapadia Debabrata Biswas Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their Interactions Molecules gallic acid protocatechuic acid vanillic acid <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium INT-407 invasion |
| title | Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their Interactions |
| title_full | Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their Interactions |
| title_fullStr | Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their Interactions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their Interactions |
| title_short | Plant-Derived Phenolic Acids Limit the Pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium and Protect Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Their Interactions |
| title_sort | plant derived phenolic acids limit the pathogenesis of i salmonella i typhimurium and protect intestinal epithelial cells during their interactions |
| topic | gallic acid protocatechuic acid vanillic acid <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium INT-407 invasion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/6/1364 |
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