Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites
This present study optimized the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) loading and melt processing conditions of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx) bionanocomposite fabrication in twin screw extruder by using the response surface methodology (RSM...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/3/671 |
| _version_ | 1797623375374319616 |
|---|---|
| author | Siti Shazra Shazleen Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin Yoshito Ando Hidayah Ariffin |
| author_facet | Siti Shazra Shazleen Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin Yoshito Ando Hidayah Ariffin |
| author_sort | Siti Shazra Shazleen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This present study optimized the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) loading and melt processing conditions of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx) bionanocomposite fabrication in twin screw extruder by using the response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (CCD) was applied to statistically specify the important parameters, namely CNF loading (1–9 wt.%), rotational speed (20–60 rpm), and temperature (135–175 °C), on the mechanical properties of the P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx) bionanocomposites. The developed model reveals that CNF loading and temperature were the dominating parameters that enhanced the mechanical properties of the P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites. The optimal CNF loading, rotational speed, and temperature for P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx) bionanocomposite fabrication were 1.5 wt.%, 20 rpm, and 160 °C, respectively. The predicted tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus for these optimum conditions were 22.96 MPa, 33.91 MPa, and 1.02 GPa, respectively, with maximum desirability of 0.929. P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites exhibited improved tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus by 17, 6, and 20%, respectively, as compared to the neat P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx). While the crystallinity of P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites increased by 17% under the optimal fabrication conditions, the thermal stability of the P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites was not significantly different from neat P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:28:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-14c037fe8ef546ee91ec84c5153ee63a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:28:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-14c037fe8ef546ee91ec84c5153ee63a2023-11-16T17:48:54ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-01-0115367110.3390/polym15030671Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) BionanocompositesSiti Shazra Shazleen0Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin1Yoshito Ando2Hidayah Ariffin3Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaGraduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, JapanDepartment of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaThis present study optimized the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) loading and melt processing conditions of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx) bionanocomposite fabrication in twin screw extruder by using the response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (CCD) was applied to statistically specify the important parameters, namely CNF loading (1–9 wt.%), rotational speed (20–60 rpm), and temperature (135–175 °C), on the mechanical properties of the P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx) bionanocomposites. The developed model reveals that CNF loading and temperature were the dominating parameters that enhanced the mechanical properties of the P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites. The optimal CNF loading, rotational speed, and temperature for P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx) bionanocomposite fabrication were 1.5 wt.%, 20 rpm, and 160 °C, respectively. The predicted tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus for these optimum conditions were 22.96 MPa, 33.91 MPa, and 1.02 GPa, respectively, with maximum desirability of 0.929. P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites exhibited improved tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus by 17, 6, and 20%, respectively, as compared to the neat P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx). While the crystallinity of P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites increased by 17% under the optimal fabrication conditions, the thermal stability of the P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx)/CNF bionanocomposites was not significantly different from neat P(HB-<i>co</i>-11% HHx).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/3/671poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate)cellulose nanofiberbionanocompositemelt-extrusion processingoptimizationresponse surface methodology |
| spellingShingle | Siti Shazra Shazleen Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin Yoshito Ando Hidayah Ariffin Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites Polymers poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) cellulose nanofiber bionanocomposite melt-extrusion processing optimization response surface methodology |
| title | Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites |
| title_full | Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites |
| title_short | Optimization of Cellulose Nanofiber Loading and Processing Conditions during Melt Extrusion of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites |
| title_sort | optimization of cellulose nanofiber loading and processing conditions during melt extrusion of poly 3 hydroxybutyrate i co i 3 hydroxyhexanoate bionanocomposites |
| topic | poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) cellulose nanofiber bionanocomposite melt-extrusion processing optimization response surface methodology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/3/671 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sitishazrashazleen optimizationofcellulosenanofiberloadingandprocessingconditionsduringmeltextrusionofpoly3hydroxybutyrateicoi3hydroxyhexanoatebionanocomposites AT fatimahathiyahsabaruddin optimizationofcellulosenanofiberloadingandprocessingconditionsduringmeltextrusionofpoly3hydroxybutyrateicoi3hydroxyhexanoatebionanocomposites AT yoshitoando optimizationofcellulosenanofiberloadingandprocessingconditionsduringmeltextrusionofpoly3hydroxybutyrateicoi3hydroxyhexanoatebionanocomposites AT hidayahariffin optimizationofcellulosenanofiberloadingandprocessingconditionsduringmeltextrusionofpoly3hydroxybutyrateicoi3hydroxyhexanoatebionanocomposites |