Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) Trial
Meal timing is suggested to influence the obesity risk in children. Our aim was to analyse the effect of energy and nutrient distributions at eating occasions (EO), including breakfast, lunch, supper, and snacks, on the BMI z-score (zBMI) during childhood in 729 healthy children. BMI and three-day d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/20/4356 |
| _version_ | 1797470585675055104 |
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| author | Vanessa Jaeger Berthold Koletzko Veronica Luque Mariona Gispert-Llauradó Dariusz Gruszfeld Piotr Socha Elvira Verduci Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti Louise Etienne Veit Grote |
| author_facet | Vanessa Jaeger Berthold Koletzko Veronica Luque Mariona Gispert-Llauradó Dariusz Gruszfeld Piotr Socha Elvira Verduci Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti Louise Etienne Veit Grote |
| author_sort | Vanessa Jaeger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Meal timing is suggested to influence the obesity risk in children. Our aim was to analyse the effect of energy and nutrient distributions at eating occasions (EO), including breakfast, lunch, supper, and snacks, on the BMI z-score (zBMI) during childhood in 729 healthy children. BMI and three-day dietary protocols were obtained at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 years of age, and dietary data were analysed as the percentage of the mean total energy intake (TEI; %E). Intakes at EOs were transformed via an isometric log–ratio transformation and added as exposure variables to linear mixed-effects models. Stratified analyses by country and recategorization of EOs by adding intake from snacks to respective meals for further analyses were performed. The exclusion of subjects with less than three observations and the exclusion of subjects who skipped one EO or consumed 5% energy or less at one EO were examined in sensitivity analyses. Around 23% of the children were overweight at a given time point. Overweight and normal-weight children showed different distributions of dietary intakes over the day; overweight children consumed higher intakes at lunch and lower intakes of snacks. However, no significant effects of timing of EOs on zBMI were found in regression analyses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:38:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-14c36efae9444b25bdec58b6bfa640fd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:38:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-14c36efae9444b25bdec58b6bfa640fd2023-11-24T01:45:14ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-10-011420435610.3390/nu14204356Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) TrialVanessa Jaeger0Berthold Koletzko1Veronica Luque2Mariona Gispert-Llauradó3Dariusz Gruszfeld4Piotr Socha5Elvira Verduci6Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti7Louise Etienne8Veit Grote9Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, GermanyDivision of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, GermanyPaediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili-IISPV, 43201 Reus, SpainPaediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili-IISPV, 43201 Reus, SpainNeonatal Department and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 2012 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 2012 Milan, ItalyGroupe Santé CHC, Bd. Patience et Beaujonc 2—(B), 4000 Liège, BelgiumDivision of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, GermanyMeal timing is suggested to influence the obesity risk in children. Our aim was to analyse the effect of energy and nutrient distributions at eating occasions (EO), including breakfast, lunch, supper, and snacks, on the BMI z-score (zBMI) during childhood in 729 healthy children. BMI and three-day dietary protocols were obtained at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 years of age, and dietary data were analysed as the percentage of the mean total energy intake (TEI; %E). Intakes at EOs were transformed via an isometric log–ratio transformation and added as exposure variables to linear mixed-effects models. Stratified analyses by country and recategorization of EOs by adding intake from snacks to respective meals for further analyses were performed. The exclusion of subjects with less than three observations and the exclusion of subjects who skipped one EO or consumed 5% energy or less at one EO were examined in sensitivity analyses. Around 23% of the children were overweight at a given time point. Overweight and normal-weight children showed different distributions of dietary intakes over the day; overweight children consumed higher intakes at lunch and lower intakes of snacks. However, no significant effects of timing of EOs on zBMI were found in regression analyses.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/20/4356chrono-nutritionoverweighteating patterncompositional data analysischildrenmacronutrients |
| spellingShingle | Vanessa Jaeger Berthold Koletzko Veronica Luque Mariona Gispert-Llauradó Dariusz Gruszfeld Piotr Socha Elvira Verduci Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti Louise Etienne Veit Grote Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) Trial Nutrients chrono-nutrition overweight eating pattern compositional data analysis children macronutrients |
| title | Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) Trial |
| title_full | Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) Trial |
| title_fullStr | Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) Trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) Trial |
| title_short | Time of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Children: Compositional Data Analysis from the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) Trial |
| title_sort | time of dietary energy and nutrient intake and body mass index in children compositional data analysis from the childhood obesity project chop trial |
| topic | chrono-nutrition overweight eating pattern compositional data analysis children macronutrients |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/20/4356 |
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