On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy)
Distributed Dynamic Strain Sensing (DDSS), also known as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), is becoming a popular tool in array seismology. A new generation of engineered fibers is being developed to improve sensitivity and reduce the noise floor in comparison to standard fibers, which are conventi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3735 |
| _version_ | 1797606910331977728 |
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| author | Sergio Diaz-Meza Philippe Jousset Gilda Currenti Christopher Wollin Charlotte Krawczyk Andy Clarke Athena Chalari |
| author_facet | Sergio Diaz-Meza Philippe Jousset Gilda Currenti Christopher Wollin Charlotte Krawczyk Andy Clarke Athena Chalari |
| author_sort | Sergio Diaz-Meza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Distributed Dynamic Strain Sensing (DDSS), also known as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), is becoming a popular tool in array seismology. A new generation of engineered fibers is being developed to improve sensitivity and reduce the noise floor in comparison to standard fibers, which are conventionally used in telecommunication networks. Nevertheless, standard fibers already have extensive coverage around the Earth’s surface, so it motivates the use of the existing infrastructure in DDSS surveys to avoid costs and logistics. In this study, we compare DDSS data from stack instances of standard multi-fiber cable with DDSS data from a co-located single-fiber engineered cable. Both cables were buried in an area located 2.5 km NE from the craters of Mt. Etna. We analyze how stacking can improve signal quality. Our findings indicate that the stack of DDSS records from five standard fiber instances, each 1.5 km long, can reduce optical noise of up to 20%. We also present an algorithm to correct artifacts in the time series that stem from dynamic range saturation. Although stacking is able to reduce optical noise, it is not sufficient for restoring the strain-rate amplitude from saturated signals in standard fiber DDSS. Nevertheless, the algorithm can restore the strain-rate amplitude from saturated DDSS signals of the engineered fiber, allowing us to exceed the dynamic range of the record. We present measurement strategies to increase the dynamic range and avoid saturation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:24:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-14c7149ba7044690a51ae30fcc2df7e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:24:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-14c7149ba7044690a51ae30fcc2df7e12023-11-17T17:37:01ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-04-01237373510.3390/s23073735On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy)Sergio Diaz-Meza0Philippe Jousset1Gilda Currenti2Christopher Wollin3Charlotte Krawczyk4Andy Clarke5Athena Chalari6Department of Geophysics, GeoForschungsZentrum-Potsdam (GFZ) Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, GermanyDepartment of Geophysics, GeoForschungsZentrum-Potsdam (GFZ) Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, GermanyInstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, ItalyDepartment of Geophysics, GeoForschungsZentrum-Potsdam (GFZ) Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, GermanyDepartment of Geophysics, GeoForschungsZentrum-Potsdam (GFZ) Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, GermanySilixa Limited, 230 Centennial Park, Elstree WD6 3SN, UKSilixa Limited, 230 Centennial Park, Elstree WD6 3SN, UKDistributed Dynamic Strain Sensing (DDSS), also known as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), is becoming a popular tool in array seismology. A new generation of engineered fibers is being developed to improve sensitivity and reduce the noise floor in comparison to standard fibers, which are conventionally used in telecommunication networks. Nevertheless, standard fibers already have extensive coverage around the Earth’s surface, so it motivates the use of the existing infrastructure in DDSS surveys to avoid costs and logistics. In this study, we compare DDSS data from stack instances of standard multi-fiber cable with DDSS data from a co-located single-fiber engineered cable. Both cables were buried in an area located 2.5 km NE from the craters of Mt. Etna. We analyze how stacking can improve signal quality. Our findings indicate that the stack of DDSS records from five standard fiber instances, each 1.5 km long, can reduce optical noise of up to 20%. We also present an algorithm to correct artifacts in the time series that stem from dynamic range saturation. Although stacking is able to reduce optical noise, it is not sufficient for restoring the strain-rate amplitude from saturated signals in standard fiber DDSS. Nevertheless, the algorithm can restore the strain-rate amplitude from saturated DDSS signals of the engineered fiber, allowing us to exceed the dynamic range of the record. We present measurement strategies to increase the dynamic range and avoid saturation.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3735distributed dynamic strain sensingdistributed acoustic sensingstackingsaturationmulti-fiber optics |
| spellingShingle | Sergio Diaz-Meza Philippe Jousset Gilda Currenti Christopher Wollin Charlotte Krawczyk Andy Clarke Athena Chalari On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy) Sensors distributed dynamic strain sensing distributed acoustic sensing stacking saturation multi-fiber optics |
| title | On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy) |
| title_full | On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy) |
| title_fullStr | On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy) |
| title_full_unstemmed | On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy) |
| title_short | On the Comparison of Records from Standard and Engineered Fiber Optic Cables at Etna Volcano (Italy) |
| title_sort | on the comparison of records from standard and engineered fiber optic cables at etna volcano italy |
| topic | distributed dynamic strain sensing distributed acoustic sensing stacking saturation multi-fiber optics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3735 |
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