Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis
Chondrocyte hypertrophy is one of the key indicators in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, compared with other OA indications, such as cartilage collapse, sclerosis, inflammation, and protease activation, the mechanisms by which chondrocyte hypertrophy contributes to OA remain elusive....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/8/1139 |
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| author | Sunghyun Park Alvin Bello Yoshie Arai Jinsung Ahn Dohyun Kim Kyung-Yup Cha Inho Baek Hansoo Park Soo-Hong Lee |
| author_facet | Sunghyun Park Alvin Bello Yoshie Arai Jinsung Ahn Dohyun Kim Kyung-Yup Cha Inho Baek Hansoo Park Soo-Hong Lee |
| author_sort | Sunghyun Park |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chondrocyte hypertrophy is one of the key indicators in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, compared with other OA indications, such as cartilage collapse, sclerosis, inflammation, and protease activation, the mechanisms by which chondrocyte hypertrophy contributes to OA remain elusive. As the pathological processes in the OA cartilage microenvironment, such as the alterations in the extracellular matrix, are initiated and dictated by the physiological state of the chondrocytes, in-depth knowledge of chondrocyte hypertrophy is necessary to enhance our understanding of the disease pathology and develop therapeutic agents. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is a factor that induces OA progression; it is also a crucial factor in the endochondral ossification. This review elaborates on this dual functionality of chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression and endochondral ossification through a description of the characteristics of various genes and signaling, their mechanism, and their distinguishable physiological effects. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression leads to a decrease in chondrogenic genes and destruction of cartilage tissue. However, in endochondral ossification, it represents an intermediate stage at the process of differentiation of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells. In addition, this review describes the current therapeutic strategies and their mechanisms, involving genes, proteins, cytokines, small molecules, three-dimensional environments, or exosomes, against the OA induced by chondrocyte hypertrophy. Finally, this review proposes that the contrasting roles of chondrocyte hypertrophy are essential for both OA progression and endochondral ossification, and that this cellular process may be targeted to develop OA therapeutics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:28:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-150035cf55744824af25d214839e0eb7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:28:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-150035cf55744824af25d214839e0eb72023-11-22T09:13:04ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232021-07-01138113910.3390/pharmaceutics13081139Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in OsteoarthritisSunghyun Park0Alvin Bello1Yoshie Arai2Jinsung Ahn3Dohyun Kim4Kyung-Yup Cha5Inho Baek6Hansoo Park7Soo-Hong Lee8Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaSchool of Integrative Engineering, Chung-ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, KoreaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, KoreaChondrocyte hypertrophy is one of the key indicators in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, compared with other OA indications, such as cartilage collapse, sclerosis, inflammation, and protease activation, the mechanisms by which chondrocyte hypertrophy contributes to OA remain elusive. As the pathological processes in the OA cartilage microenvironment, such as the alterations in the extracellular matrix, are initiated and dictated by the physiological state of the chondrocytes, in-depth knowledge of chondrocyte hypertrophy is necessary to enhance our understanding of the disease pathology and develop therapeutic agents. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is a factor that induces OA progression; it is also a crucial factor in the endochondral ossification. This review elaborates on this dual functionality of chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression and endochondral ossification through a description of the characteristics of various genes and signaling, their mechanism, and their distinguishable physiological effects. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression leads to a decrease in chondrogenic genes and destruction of cartilage tissue. However, in endochondral ossification, it represents an intermediate stage at the process of differentiation of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells. In addition, this review describes the current therapeutic strategies and their mechanisms, involving genes, proteins, cytokines, small molecules, three-dimensional environments, or exosomes, against the OA induced by chondrocyte hypertrophy. Finally, this review proposes that the contrasting roles of chondrocyte hypertrophy are essential for both OA progression and endochondral ossification, and that this cellular process may be targeted to develop OA therapeutics.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/8/1139chondrocyte hypertrophyosteoarthritisexosome3D scaffoldssmall molecules |
| spellingShingle | Sunghyun Park Alvin Bello Yoshie Arai Jinsung Ahn Dohyun Kim Kyung-Yup Cha Inho Baek Hansoo Park Soo-Hong Lee Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis Pharmaceutics chondrocyte hypertrophy osteoarthritis exosome 3D scaffolds small molecules |
| title | Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis |
| title_full | Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis |
| title_fullStr | Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis |
| title_short | Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis |
| title_sort | functional duality of chondrocyte hypertrophy and biomedical application trends in osteoarthritis |
| topic | chondrocyte hypertrophy osteoarthritis exosome 3D scaffolds small molecules |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/8/1139 |
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