Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity
Chitosan is a widely investigated biopolymer in drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering and vaccine development. However, the immune response to chitosan is not clearly understood due to contradicting results in literature regarding its immunoreactivity. Thus, in this study, we analyzed effects o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2016-05-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/14/5/91 |
| _version_ | 1818001368614436864 |
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| author | Sruthi Ravindranathan Bhanu prasanth Koppolu Sean G. Smith David A. Zaharoff |
| author_facet | Sruthi Ravindranathan Bhanu prasanth Koppolu Sean G. Smith David A. Zaharoff |
| author_sort | Sruthi Ravindranathan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chitosan is a widely investigated biopolymer in drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering and vaccine development. However, the immune response to chitosan is not clearly understood due to contradicting results in literature regarding its immunoreactivity. Thus, in this study, we analyzed effects of various biochemical properties, namely degree of deacetylation (DDA), viscosity/polymer length and endotoxin levels, on immune responses by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Chitosan solutions from various sources were treated with mouse and human APCs (macrophages and/or dendritic cells) and the amount of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) released by the cells was used as an indicator of immunoreactivity. Our results indicate that only endotoxin content and not DDA or viscosity influenced chitosan-induced immune responses. Our data also indicate that low endotoxin chitosan (<0.01 EU/mg) ranging from 20 to 600 cP and 80% to 97% DDA is essentially inert. This study emphasizes the need for more complete characterization and purification of chitosan in preclinical studies in order for this valuable biomaterial to achieve widespread clinical application. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:33:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-152c7e0cd75648aab9d4265b0324a71d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:33:31Z |
| publishDate | 2016-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-152c7e0cd75648aab9d4265b0324a71d2022-12-22T02:14:52ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972016-05-011459110.3390/md14050091md14050091Effect of Chitosan Properties on ImmunoreactivitySruthi Ravindranathan0Bhanu prasanth Koppolu1Sean G. Smith2David A. Zaharoff3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USAChitosan is a widely investigated biopolymer in drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering and vaccine development. However, the immune response to chitosan is not clearly understood due to contradicting results in literature regarding its immunoreactivity. Thus, in this study, we analyzed effects of various biochemical properties, namely degree of deacetylation (DDA), viscosity/polymer length and endotoxin levels, on immune responses by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Chitosan solutions from various sources were treated with mouse and human APCs (macrophages and/or dendritic cells) and the amount of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) released by the cells was used as an indicator of immunoreactivity. Our results indicate that only endotoxin content and not DDA or viscosity influenced chitosan-induced immune responses. Our data also indicate that low endotoxin chitosan (<0.01 EU/mg) ranging from 20 to 600 cP and 80% to 97% DDA is essentially inert. This study emphasizes the need for more complete characterization and purification of chitosan in preclinical studies in order for this valuable biomaterial to achieve widespread clinical application.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/14/5/91chitosanimmunoreactivityendotoxinimmune response |
| spellingShingle | Sruthi Ravindranathan Bhanu prasanth Koppolu Sean G. Smith David A. Zaharoff Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity Marine Drugs chitosan immunoreactivity endotoxin immune response |
| title | Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity |
| title_full | Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity |
| title_short | Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity |
| title_sort | effect of chitosan properties on immunoreactivity |
| topic | chitosan immunoreactivity endotoxin immune response |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/14/5/91 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sruthiravindranathan effectofchitosanpropertiesonimmunoreactivity AT bhanuprasanthkoppolu effectofchitosanpropertiesonimmunoreactivity AT seangsmith effectofchitosanpropertiesonimmunoreactivity AT davidazaharoff effectofchitosanpropertiesonimmunoreactivity |