Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications
Soil electrical resistivity (ER) is an important indicator to indirectly determine soil physical and chemical properties such as moisture, salinity, porosity, organic matter level, bulk density, and soil texture. In this study, real-time ER measurement system has been developed with the help of an a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/251 |
| _version_ | 1828280445876305920 |
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| author | İlker Ünal Önder Kabaş Salih Sözer |
| author_facet | İlker Ünal Önder Kabaş Salih Sözer |
| author_sort | İlker Ünal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil electrical resistivity (ER) is an important indicator to indirectly determine soil physical and chemical properties such as moisture, salinity, porosity, organic matter level, bulk density, and soil texture. In this study, real-time ER measurement system has been developed with the help of an autonomous robot. The aim of this study is to provide rapid measurement of the ER in large areas using the Wenner four-probe measurement method for precision farming applications. The ER measurement platform consists of the Wenner probes, a <i>y</i>-axis shifter driven by a DC motor through a gear reducer, all installed on a steel-frame that mount to an autonomous robot. An embedded industrial computer and differential global positioning system (DGPS) were used to assist in real-time measuring, recording, mapping, and displaying the ER and the robot position during the field operation. The data acquisition software was codded in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET. Field experiments were carried out in a 1.2 ha farmland soil. ER and DGPS values were stored in Microsoft SQL Server 2005 database, an ordinary Kriging interpolation technique by ArcGIS was used and the average ER values were mapped for the soil depth between 0 and 50 cm. As a result, ER values were observed to be between 30.757 and 70.732 ohm-m. In conclusion, the experimental results showed that the designed system works quite well in the field and the ER measurement platform is a practical tool for providing real-time soil ER measurements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:59:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-154104654bd34144a7e6f41c6940bbb4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:59:47Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-154104654bd34144a7e6f41c6940bbb42022-12-22T02:55:19ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-01-0120125110.3390/s20010251s20010251Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applicationsİlker Ünal0Önder Kabaş1Salih Sözer2Department of Machine, Technical Science Vocational School, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, TurkeyDepartment of Machine, Technical Science Vocational School, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, TurkeyDepartment of Machine, Technical Science Vocational School, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, TurkeySoil electrical resistivity (ER) is an important indicator to indirectly determine soil physical and chemical properties such as moisture, salinity, porosity, organic matter level, bulk density, and soil texture. In this study, real-time ER measurement system has been developed with the help of an autonomous robot. The aim of this study is to provide rapid measurement of the ER in large areas using the Wenner four-probe measurement method for precision farming applications. The ER measurement platform consists of the Wenner probes, a <i>y</i>-axis shifter driven by a DC motor through a gear reducer, all installed on a steel-frame that mount to an autonomous robot. An embedded industrial computer and differential global positioning system (DGPS) were used to assist in real-time measuring, recording, mapping, and displaying the ER and the robot position during the field operation. The data acquisition software was codded in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET. Field experiments were carried out in a 1.2 ha farmland soil. ER and DGPS values were stored in Microsoft SQL Server 2005 database, an ordinary Kriging interpolation technique by ArcGIS was used and the average ER values were mapped for the soil depth between 0 and 50 cm. As a result, ER values were observed to be between 30.757 and 70.732 ohm-m. In conclusion, the experimental results showed that the designed system works quite well in the field and the ER measurement platform is a practical tool for providing real-time soil ER measurements.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/251soilsoil electrical resistivityautonomous robotreal-time measurementprecision farmingmapping |
| spellingShingle | İlker Ünal Önder Kabaş Salih Sözer Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications Sensors soil soil electrical resistivity autonomous robot real-time measurement precision farming mapping |
| title | Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications |
| title_full | Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications |
| title_fullStr | Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications |
| title_short | Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications |
| title_sort | real time electrical resistivity measurement and mapping platform of the soils with an autonomous robot for precision farming applications |
| topic | soil soil electrical resistivity autonomous robot real-time measurement precision farming mapping |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/1/251 |
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