Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series Analysis
Agricultural land extent and change information is needed to assess food security, the effectiveness of land use policy, and both environmental and societal impacts. This information is especially valuable in biodiversity hotspots such as the Mediterranean region, where agricultural land expansion c...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3369 |
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| author | Aaron M. Sparks Imen Bouhamed Luigi Boschetti Ioannis Z. Gitas Chariton Kalaitzidis |
| author_facet | Aaron M. Sparks Imen Bouhamed Luigi Boschetti Ioannis Z. Gitas Chariton Kalaitzidis |
| author_sort | Aaron M. Sparks |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Agricultural land extent and change information is needed to assess food security, the effectiveness of land use policy, and both environmental and societal impacts. This information is especially valuable in biodiversity hotspots such as the Mediterranean region, where agricultural land expansion can result in detrimental effects such as soil erosion and the loss of native species. There has also been a growing concern that changing agricultural extent in fire-prone regions of the Mediterranean may increase fire risk due to accumulation of fuel in abandoned areas. In this study, we assessed the extent and change of agricultural land in Southern Greece from 1986 to 2020 using a combined European Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) and Landsat time series approach. The LUCAS data and Landsat spectral-temporal metrics were used to train a random forest classifier, which was used to classify arable land and permanent agriculture (e.g., olive orchards, vineyards) at annual time steps. A post-processing step was taken to reduce spurious landcover class transitions using transition likelihoods and annual class membership likelihoods. A validation dataset consisting of 2666 samples, identified via a stratified random sampling approach and high-resolution imagery and time series analysis, were used to evaluate stable and change strata accuracies. Overall accuracies were greater than 70% and strata-specific accuracies were highly variable between stable and change strata. The results show that southern Greece has experienced a recent gain in arable land (~12,000 ha from ~2009–2020) and a much larger gain in permanent agriculture (>115,000 ha from ~1993–2020). Arable land loss mainly occurred from 1987 to ~2002 when extent decreased by 15,000 ha, of which 66% was abandoned. The semi-automated approach described in this paper provides a promising approach for monitoring agricultural land change and enabling assessments of agriculture policy effectiveness and environmental impacts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:05:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-15561109173c4dcc95e2129127b18f0c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:05:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-15561109173c4dcc95e2129127b18f0c2023-11-30T21:49:03ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-07-011414336910.3390/rs14143369Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series AnalysisAaron M. Sparks0Imen Bouhamed1Luigi Boschetti2Ioannis Z. Gitas3Chariton Kalaitzidis4Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USADepartment of Geoinformation in Environmental Management, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, 73100 Chania, GreeceDepartment of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USASchool of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Geoinformation in Environmental Management, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, 73100 Chania, GreeceAgricultural land extent and change information is needed to assess food security, the effectiveness of land use policy, and both environmental and societal impacts. This information is especially valuable in biodiversity hotspots such as the Mediterranean region, where agricultural land expansion can result in detrimental effects such as soil erosion and the loss of native species. There has also been a growing concern that changing agricultural extent in fire-prone regions of the Mediterranean may increase fire risk due to accumulation of fuel in abandoned areas. In this study, we assessed the extent and change of agricultural land in Southern Greece from 1986 to 2020 using a combined European Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) and Landsat time series approach. The LUCAS data and Landsat spectral-temporal metrics were used to train a random forest classifier, which was used to classify arable land and permanent agriculture (e.g., olive orchards, vineyards) at annual time steps. A post-processing step was taken to reduce spurious landcover class transitions using transition likelihoods and annual class membership likelihoods. A validation dataset consisting of 2666 samples, identified via a stratified random sampling approach and high-resolution imagery and time series analysis, were used to evaluate stable and change strata accuracies. Overall accuracies were greater than 70% and strata-specific accuracies were highly variable between stable and change strata. The results show that southern Greece has experienced a recent gain in arable land (~12,000 ha from ~2009–2020) and a much larger gain in permanent agriculture (>115,000 ha from ~1993–2020). Arable land loss mainly occurred from 1987 to ~2002 when extent decreased by 15,000 ha, of which 66% was abandoned. The semi-automated approach described in this paper provides a promising approach for monitoring agricultural land change and enabling assessments of agriculture policy effectiveness and environmental impacts.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3369agriculture mappingarable landpermanent agricultureLandsatLUCASGoogle Earth Engine |
| spellingShingle | Aaron M. Sparks Imen Bouhamed Luigi Boschetti Ioannis Z. Gitas Chariton Kalaitzidis Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series Analysis Remote Sensing agriculture mapping arable land permanent agriculture Landsat LUCAS Google Earth Engine |
| title | Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series Analysis |
| title_full | Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series Analysis |
| title_short | Mapping Arable Land and Permanent Agriculture Extent and Change in Southern Greece Using the European Union LUCAS Survey and a 35-Year Landsat Time Series Analysis |
| title_sort | mapping arable land and permanent agriculture extent and change in southern greece using the european union lucas survey and a 35 year landsat time series analysis |
| topic | agriculture mapping arable land permanent agriculture Landsat LUCAS Google Earth Engine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3369 |
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