Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative Study
The development of highly sensitive, portable and low-cost sensors for the evaluation of ethanol content in liquid is particularly important in several monitoring processes, from the food industry to the pharmaceutical industry. In this respect, we report the optimization of two sensing approaches b...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2742 |
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| author | Angelo Leo Anna Grazia Monteduro Silvia Rizzato Angelo Milone Giuseppe Maruccio |
| author_facet | Angelo Leo Anna Grazia Monteduro Silvia Rizzato Angelo Milone Giuseppe Maruccio |
| author_sort | Angelo Leo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development of highly sensitive, portable and low-cost sensors for the evaluation of ethanol content in liquid is particularly important in several monitoring processes, from the food industry to the pharmaceutical industry. In this respect, we report the optimization of two sensing approaches based on electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and complementary double split ring resonators (CDSRRs) for the detection of ethanol in water. Miniaturized EIS sensors were realized with interdigitated electrodes, and the ethanol sensing was carried out in liquid solutions without any functionalization of the electrodes. Impedance fitting analysis, with an equivalent circuit over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz, was performed to estimate the electric parameters, which allowed us to evaluate the amount of ethanol in water solutions. On the other hand, complementary double split ring resonators (CDSRRs) were optimized by adjusting the device geometry to achieve higher quality factors while operating at a low fundamental frequency despite the small size (useful for compact electronic packaging). Both sensors were found to be efficient for the detection of low amounts of ethanol in water, even in the presence of salts. In particular, EIS sensors proved to be effective in performing a broadband evaluation of ethanol concentration and are convenient when low cost is the priority. On the other end, the employment of split ring resonators allowed us to achieve a very low limit of detection of 0.2 <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>%, and provides specific advantages in the case of known environments where they can enable fast real-time single-frequency measurements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:25:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-155a8d21179c4df2b457d415305fe13c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:25:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-155a8d21179c4df2b457d415305fe13c2023-12-01T00:04:41ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-04-01227274210.3390/s22072742Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative StudyAngelo Leo0Anna Grazia Monteduro1Silvia Rizzato2Angelo Milone3Giuseppe Maruccio4Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, ItalyOmnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, ItalyOmnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, ItalyOmnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, ItalyOmnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, ItalyThe development of highly sensitive, portable and low-cost sensors for the evaluation of ethanol content in liquid is particularly important in several monitoring processes, from the food industry to the pharmaceutical industry. In this respect, we report the optimization of two sensing approaches based on electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and complementary double split ring resonators (CDSRRs) for the detection of ethanol in water. Miniaturized EIS sensors were realized with interdigitated electrodes, and the ethanol sensing was carried out in liquid solutions without any functionalization of the electrodes. Impedance fitting analysis, with an equivalent circuit over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz, was performed to estimate the electric parameters, which allowed us to evaluate the amount of ethanol in water solutions. On the other hand, complementary double split ring resonators (CDSRRs) were optimized by adjusting the device geometry to achieve higher quality factors while operating at a low fundamental frequency despite the small size (useful for compact electronic packaging). Both sensors were found to be efficient for the detection of low amounts of ethanol in water, even in the presence of salts. In particular, EIS sensors proved to be effective in performing a broadband evaluation of ethanol concentration and are convenient when low cost is the priority. On the other end, the employment of split ring resonators allowed us to achieve a very low limit of detection of 0.2 <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>%, and provides specific advantages in the case of known environments where they can enable fast real-time single-frequency measurements.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2742dielectric sensorselectrical impedance spectroscopysplit ring resonatorsresonant perturbation methodsequivalent circuit analysisethanol |
| spellingShingle | Angelo Leo Anna Grazia Monteduro Silvia Rizzato Angelo Milone Giuseppe Maruccio Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative Study Sensors dielectric sensors electrical impedance spectroscopy split ring resonators resonant perturbation methods equivalent circuit analysis ethanol |
| title | Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative Study |
| title_full | Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative Study |
| title_fullStr | Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative Study |
| title_short | Miniaturized Sensors for Detection of Ethanol in Water Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Resonant Perturbation Method—A Comparative Study |
| title_sort | miniaturized sensors for detection of ethanol in water based on electrical impedance spectroscopy and resonant perturbation method a comparative study |
| topic | dielectric sensors electrical impedance spectroscopy split ring resonators resonant perturbation methods equivalent circuit analysis ethanol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2742 |
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