Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study
Objective: Severe coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response, with humoral immunity playing a central role in the disease course. The objective of this study was to assess the immune response and the effects of vaccination in recovered individuals with...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2250 |
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| author | Christina Zirou Sentiljana Gumeni Ioannis Bellos Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos Aimilia D. Sklirou Tina Bagratuni Eleni Korompoki Filia Apostolakou Ioannis Papassotiriou Ioannis P. Trougakos Evangelos Terpos |
| author_facet | Christina Zirou Sentiljana Gumeni Ioannis Bellos Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos Aimilia D. Sklirou Tina Bagratuni Eleni Korompoki Filia Apostolakou Ioannis Papassotiriou Ioannis P. Trougakos Evangelos Terpos |
| author_sort | Christina Zirou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: Severe coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response, with humoral immunity playing a central role in the disease course. The objective of this study was to assess the immune response and the effects of vaccination in recovered individuals with variable disease severity up to one year following natural infection. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted including patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Disease severity was classified as mild, moderate, and severe based on clinical presentation and outcomes. Anti-RBD (receptor binding domain) and neutralizing antibodies were evaluated at multiple timepoints during the first year after COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: A total of 106 patients were included; of them, 28 were diagnosed with mild, 38 with moderate, and 40 with severe disease. At least one vaccine dose was administered in 58 individuals during the follow-up. Participants with mild disease presented significantly lower anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies compared to those with moderate and severe disease up to the 3rd and 6th months after the infection, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, in the third month, severe COVID-19 was associated with significantly higher anti-RBD (β: 563.09; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 257.02 to 869.17) and neutralizing (β: 21.47; 95% CI: 12.04 to 30.90) antibodies. Among vaccinated individuals, at the 12th month, a history of moderate disease was associated with significantly higher anti-RBD levels (β: 5615.19; 95% CI: 657.92 to 10,572.46). Conclusions: Severe COVID-19 is associated with higher anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies up to 6 months after the infection. Vaccination of recovered patients is associated with a remarkable augmentation of antibody titers up to one year after COVID-19 diagnosis, regardless of disease severity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:22:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-156b23e2568a4e36ab98f66a6bcaf745 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:22:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-156b23e2568a4e36ab98f66a6bcaf7452023-11-24T15:10:58ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-11-011511225010.3390/v15112250Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort StudyChristina Zirou0Sentiljana Gumeni1Ioannis Bellos2Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos3Aimilia D. Sklirou4Tina Bagratuni5Eleni Korompoki6Filia Apostolakou7Ioannis Papassotiriou8Ioannis P. Trougakos9Evangelos Terpos10Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General and Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, GreeceObjective: Severe coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response, with humoral immunity playing a central role in the disease course. The objective of this study was to assess the immune response and the effects of vaccination in recovered individuals with variable disease severity up to one year following natural infection. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted including patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Disease severity was classified as mild, moderate, and severe based on clinical presentation and outcomes. Anti-RBD (receptor binding domain) and neutralizing antibodies were evaluated at multiple timepoints during the first year after COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: A total of 106 patients were included; of them, 28 were diagnosed with mild, 38 with moderate, and 40 with severe disease. At least one vaccine dose was administered in 58 individuals during the follow-up. Participants with mild disease presented significantly lower anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies compared to those with moderate and severe disease up to the 3rd and 6th months after the infection, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, in the third month, severe COVID-19 was associated with significantly higher anti-RBD (β: 563.09; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 257.02 to 869.17) and neutralizing (β: 21.47; 95% CI: 12.04 to 30.90) antibodies. Among vaccinated individuals, at the 12th month, a history of moderate disease was associated with significantly higher anti-RBD levels (β: 5615.19; 95% CI: 657.92 to 10,572.46). Conclusions: Severe COVID-19 is associated with higher anti-RBD and neutralizing antibodies up to 6 months after the infection. Vaccination of recovered patients is associated with a remarkable augmentation of antibody titers up to one year after COVID-19 diagnosis, regardless of disease severity.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2250COVID-19SARS-CoV-2severityantibodyimmune systemvaccination |
| spellingShingle | Christina Zirou Sentiljana Gumeni Ioannis Bellos Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos Aimilia D. Sklirou Tina Bagratuni Eleni Korompoki Filia Apostolakou Ioannis Papassotiriou Ioannis P. Trougakos Evangelos Terpos Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study Viruses COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 severity antibody immune system vaccination |
| title | Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study |
| title_full | Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study |
| title_fullStr | Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study |
| title_short | Longitudinal Analysis of Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depending on Disease Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study |
| title_sort | longitudinal analysis of antibody response following sars cov 2 infection depending on disease severity a prospective cohort study |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 severity antibody immune system vaccination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/11/2250 |
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