Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative Stress
Novel green synthetic nanomedicines have been recognized as alternative therapies with the potential to be antifungal agents. Apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest and activation of the antioxidant defense system in fungal cells have also gained attention as emerging drug targets. In this study, a...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/2/182 |
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| author | Majid Rasool Kamli Vartika Srivastava Nahid H. Hajrah Jamal S. M. Sabir Arif Ali Maqsood Ahmad Malik Aijaz Ahmad |
| author_facet | Majid Rasool Kamli Vartika Srivastava Nahid H. Hajrah Jamal S. M. Sabir Arif Ali Maqsood Ahmad Malik Aijaz Ahmad |
| author_sort | Majid Rasool Kamli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Novel green synthetic nanomedicines have been recognized as alternative therapies with the potential to be antifungal agents. Apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest and activation of the antioxidant defense system in fungal cells have also gained attention as emerging drug targets. In this study, a facile and biodegradable synthetic route was developed to prepare Ag–Fe bimetallic nanoparticles using aqueous extract of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. Surface plasmon resonance of <i>Beta vulgaris</i>-assisted AgNPs nanoparticles was not observed in the UV-visible region of Ag–Fe bimetallic NPs, which confirms the formation of Ag–Fe nanoparticles. <i>Beta vulgaris-</i>assisted Ag–Fe NPs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and TGA-DTG analysis for their structural and morphological properties. The as-prepared Ag–Fe NPs were well dispersed and spherical with the average particle size of 15 nm. The antifungal activity of these Ag–Fe NPs against clinical isolates of <i>Candida auris</i> was determined by broth microdilution and cell viability assays. For insights into mechanisms, induction of apoptosis and triggering cell cycle arrest were studied following standard protocols. Furthermore, analysis of antioxidant defense enzymes was determined spectrophotometrically. Antifungal susceptibility results revealed high antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 0.19 to 0.39 µg/mL. Further studies showed that Ag–Fe NPs were able to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and disturbances in primary and secondary antioxidant enzymes. This study presents the potential of Ag–Fe NPs to inhibit and potentially eradicate <i>C. auris</i> by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and increased levels of oxidative stress. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:32:07Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:32:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-156fb4996fbf462da94fcd5b5beb3b482023-12-03T14:53:40ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-01-0110218210.3390/antiox10020182Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative StressMajid Rasool Kamli0Vartika Srivastava1Nahid H. Hajrah2Jamal S. M. Sabir3Arif Ali4Maqsood Ahmad Malik5Aijaz Ahmad6Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaClinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South AfricaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, IndiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaClinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South AfricaNovel green synthetic nanomedicines have been recognized as alternative therapies with the potential to be antifungal agents. Apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest and activation of the antioxidant defense system in fungal cells have also gained attention as emerging drug targets. In this study, a facile and biodegradable synthetic route was developed to prepare Ag–Fe bimetallic nanoparticles using aqueous extract of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. Surface plasmon resonance of <i>Beta vulgaris</i>-assisted AgNPs nanoparticles was not observed in the UV-visible region of Ag–Fe bimetallic NPs, which confirms the formation of Ag–Fe nanoparticles. <i>Beta vulgaris-</i>assisted Ag–Fe NPs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and TGA-DTG analysis for their structural and morphological properties. The as-prepared Ag–Fe NPs were well dispersed and spherical with the average particle size of 15 nm. The antifungal activity of these Ag–Fe NPs against clinical isolates of <i>Candida auris</i> was determined by broth microdilution and cell viability assays. For insights into mechanisms, induction of apoptosis and triggering cell cycle arrest were studied following standard protocols. Furthermore, analysis of antioxidant defense enzymes was determined spectrophotometrically. Antifungal susceptibility results revealed high antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 0.19 to 0.39 µg/mL. Further studies showed that Ag–Fe NPs were able to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and disturbances in primary and secondary antioxidant enzymes. This study presents the potential of Ag–Fe NPs to inhibit and potentially eradicate <i>C. auris</i> by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and increased levels of oxidative stress.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/2/182Ag–Fe NPs<i>C. auris</i>apoptosisantioxidant enzymescell cycle |
| spellingShingle | Majid Rasool Kamli Vartika Srivastava Nahid H. Hajrah Jamal S. M. Sabir Arif Ali Maqsood Ahmad Malik Aijaz Ahmad Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative Stress Antioxidants Ag–Fe NPs <i>C. auris</i> apoptosis antioxidant enzymes cell cycle |
| title | Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative Stress |
| title_full | Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative Stress |
| title_fullStr | Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative Stress |
| title_short | Phytogenic Fabrication of Ag–Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways in <i>Candida auris</i> by Generating Oxidative Stress |
| title_sort | phytogenic fabrication of ag fe bimetallic nanoparticles for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis signaling pathways in i candida auris i by generating oxidative stress |
| topic | Ag–Fe NPs <i>C. auris</i> apoptosis antioxidant enzymes cell cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/2/182 |
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