Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study
Few studies have examined the role of maternal diet in relation to development of coeliac disease (CD). In Denmark, cancellation of mandatory vitamin D fortification of margarine in June 1985 provided this opportunity. This study examined if season of birth or prenatal exposure to extra vitamin D fr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-04-01
|
| Series: | Nutrients |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1243 |
| _version_ | 1797569469663412224 |
|---|---|
| author | Caroline Moos Katrine S. Duus Peder Frederiksen Berit L. Heitmann Vibeke Andersen |
| author_facet | Caroline Moos Katrine S. Duus Peder Frederiksen Berit L. Heitmann Vibeke Andersen |
| author_sort | Caroline Moos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Few studies have examined the role of maternal diet in relation to development of coeliac disease (CD). In Denmark, cancellation of mandatory vitamin D fortification of margarine in June 1985 provided this opportunity. This study examined if season of birth or prenatal exposure to extra vitamin D from food fortification were associated with developing CD later in life. A strength of this study is the distinctly longer follow-up of patients (30 years). This register-based study has a semi-ecological design. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and to calculate 95% confidence intervals. The odds ratio for developing CD was 0.81 (95% CI 0.66; 1.00 <i>p</i> = 0.054), comparing those with fetal exposure to mandatory vitamin D fortification policy of margarine to those without after adjusting for gender and season of birth. There was a statistically significant season effect particularly for children born in autumn (OR 1.6 95% CI 1.16; 2.21) and born in summer (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.1; 2.1) when compared to children born in winter. Although this study did not find evidence to support the premise that prenatal exposure to small extra amounts of vitamin D from a mandatory food fortification policy lowered risk of developing CD, the small number of CD cases and observed association between season of birth and CD suggest that environmental exposure ought to be further explored. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:11:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-15870f20526242b59488929ec64012a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:11:06Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-15870f20526242b59488929ec64012a32023-11-19T22:53:23ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-04-01125124310.3390/nu12051243Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological StudyCaroline Moos0Katrine S. Duus1Peder Frederiksen2Berit L. Heitmann3Vibeke Andersen4Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, Institute of Regional Health Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6200 Aabenraa, DenmarkFocused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, Institute of Regional Health Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6200 Aabenraa, DenmarkResearch Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, DenmarkResearch Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Part of the Copenhagen University Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, DenmarkFocused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, Institute of Regional Health Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6200 Aabenraa, DenmarkFew studies have examined the role of maternal diet in relation to development of coeliac disease (CD). In Denmark, cancellation of mandatory vitamin D fortification of margarine in June 1985 provided this opportunity. This study examined if season of birth or prenatal exposure to extra vitamin D from food fortification were associated with developing CD later in life. A strength of this study is the distinctly longer follow-up of patients (30 years). This register-based study has a semi-ecological design. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and to calculate 95% confidence intervals. The odds ratio for developing CD was 0.81 (95% CI 0.66; 1.00 <i>p</i> = 0.054), comparing those with fetal exposure to mandatory vitamin D fortification policy of margarine to those without after adjusting for gender and season of birth. There was a statistically significant season effect particularly for children born in autumn (OR 1.6 95% CI 1.16; 2.21) and born in summer (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.1; 2.1) when compared to children born in winter. Although this study did not find evidence to support the premise that prenatal exposure to small extra amounts of vitamin D from a mandatory food fortification policy lowered risk of developing CD, the small number of CD cases and observed association between season of birth and CD suggest that environmental exposure ought to be further explored.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1243vitamin Dcoeliac diseasefetal programmingseason of birthprenatal exposurefortification |
| spellingShingle | Caroline Moos Katrine S. Duus Peder Frederiksen Berit L. Heitmann Vibeke Andersen Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study Nutrients vitamin D coeliac disease fetal programming season of birth prenatal exposure fortification |
| title | Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study |
| title_full | Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study |
| title_fullStr | Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study |
| title_short | Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease—The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study |
| title_sort | exposure to the danish mandatory vitamin d fortification policy in prenatal life and the risk of developing coeliac disease the importance of season a semi ecological study |
| topic | vitamin D coeliac disease fetal programming season of birth prenatal exposure fortification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1243 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carolinemoos exposuretothedanishmandatoryvitamindfortificationpolicyinprenatallifeandtheriskofdevelopingcoeliacdiseasetheimportanceofseasonasemiecologicalstudy AT katrinesduus exposuretothedanishmandatoryvitamindfortificationpolicyinprenatallifeandtheriskofdevelopingcoeliacdiseasetheimportanceofseasonasemiecologicalstudy AT pederfrederiksen exposuretothedanishmandatoryvitamindfortificationpolicyinprenatallifeandtheriskofdevelopingcoeliacdiseasetheimportanceofseasonasemiecologicalstudy AT beritlheitmann exposuretothedanishmandatoryvitamindfortificationpolicyinprenatallifeandtheriskofdevelopingcoeliacdiseasetheimportanceofseasonasemiecologicalstudy AT vibekeandersen exposuretothedanishmandatoryvitamindfortificationpolicyinprenatallifeandtheriskofdevelopingcoeliacdiseasetheimportanceofseasonasemiecologicalstudy |