Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes
In this research, the synergistic antiviral effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal oxides (MO) in the form of novel hybrid structures (MO-CNTs) are presented. Raw CNTs, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub>, as well...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11957 |
| _version_ | 1797478745281396736 |
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| author | Indrani Gupta Samar Azizighannad Edgardo T. Farinas Somenath Mitra |
| author_facet | Indrani Gupta Samar Azizighannad Edgardo T. Farinas Somenath Mitra |
| author_sort | Indrani Gupta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this research, the synergistic antiviral effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal oxides (MO) in the form of novel hybrid structures (MO-CNTs) are presented. Raw CNTs, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub>, as well as Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>-CNT, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-CNT and MnO<sub>2</sub>-CNT were explored in this study against <i>Escherichia. coli</i> MS2 bacteriophage, which was used as a virus surrogate. The nano particles were synthesized and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Kinetic parameters such as the LD<sub>50</sub> (lethal dose to kill 50% of the population), T<sub>50</sub> and T<sub>80</sub> (time taken to kill 50% and 80% of the population), SGR (specific growth rate) and IRD (initial rate of deactivation of the population) were also studied to examine the antiviral efficacy of these nanomaterials. Among all the nanomaterials, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>-CNT was the most effective antiviral agent followed by Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-CNT, MnO<sub>2</sub>-CNT, raw CNTs, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub>. When comparing the metal oxide-CNTs to the raw CNTs, the average enhancement was 20.2%. The average antiviral activity enhancement of the MO-CNTs were between 50 and 54% higher than the MO itself. When compared to the raw CNTs, the average enhancement over all the MO-CNTs was 20.2%. The kinetic studies showed that the LD<sub>50</sub> of Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>-CNT was the lowest (16µg/mL), which implies that it was the most toxic of all the compounds studied. The LD<sub>50</sub> of Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub> were 17.3×, 14.5× and 10.8× times greater than their corresponding hybrids with the CNTs. The synergistic mechanism involved the entrapment of phage viruses by the nano structured CNTs leading to structural damage along with toxicity to phage from the release of MO ions. The metal oxide-CNT nano hybrids developed in this project are promising candidates in applications such as antiviral coatings, nanocomposites, adsorbents and as components of personal protection gears. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:35:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-158c363b6d7c47c0b6b9f248dd30e4f5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:35:58Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-158c363b6d7c47c0b6b9f248dd30e4f52023-11-23T20:42:09ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-10-0123191195710.3390/ijms231911957Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon NanotubesIndrani Gupta0Samar Azizighannad1Edgardo T. Farinas2Somenath Mitra3Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USADepartment of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USADepartment of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USADepartment of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USAIn this research, the synergistic antiviral effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal oxides (MO) in the form of novel hybrid structures (MO-CNTs) are presented. Raw CNTs, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub>, as well as Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>-CNT, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-CNT and MnO<sub>2</sub>-CNT were explored in this study against <i>Escherichia. coli</i> MS2 bacteriophage, which was used as a virus surrogate. The nano particles were synthesized and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Kinetic parameters such as the LD<sub>50</sub> (lethal dose to kill 50% of the population), T<sub>50</sub> and T<sub>80</sub> (time taken to kill 50% and 80% of the population), SGR (specific growth rate) and IRD (initial rate of deactivation of the population) were also studied to examine the antiviral efficacy of these nanomaterials. Among all the nanomaterials, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>-CNT was the most effective antiviral agent followed by Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-CNT, MnO<sub>2</sub>-CNT, raw CNTs, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub>. When comparing the metal oxide-CNTs to the raw CNTs, the average enhancement was 20.2%. The average antiviral activity enhancement of the MO-CNTs were between 50 and 54% higher than the MO itself. When compared to the raw CNTs, the average enhancement over all the MO-CNTs was 20.2%. The kinetic studies showed that the LD<sub>50</sub> of Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>-CNT was the lowest (16µg/mL), which implies that it was the most toxic of all the compounds studied. The LD<sub>50</sub> of Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub> were 17.3×, 14.5× and 10.8× times greater than their corresponding hybrids with the CNTs. The synergistic mechanism involved the entrapment of phage viruses by the nano structured CNTs leading to structural damage along with toxicity to phage from the release of MO ions. The metal oxide-CNT nano hybrids developed in this project are promising candidates in applications such as antiviral coatings, nanocomposites, adsorbents and as components of personal protection gears.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11957MS2 bacteriophagenickel (II) hydroxideiron (III) oxidemanganese (II) oxidecarbon nanotubes (CNTs)metal oxide-CNTs |
| spellingShingle | Indrani Gupta Samar Azizighannad Edgardo T. Farinas Somenath Mitra Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes International Journal of Molecular Sciences MS2 bacteriophage nickel (II) hydroxide iron (III) oxide manganese (II) oxide carbon nanotubes (CNTs) metal oxide-CNTs |
| title | Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes |
| title_full | Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes |
| title_fullStr | Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes |
| title_short | Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes |
| title_sort | synergistic antiviral effects of metal oxides and carbon nanotubes |
| topic | MS2 bacteriophage nickel (II) hydroxide iron (III) oxide manganese (II) oxide carbon nanotubes (CNTs) metal oxide-CNTs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11957 |
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