Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis
The development and progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) are difficult to predict. Thus, the identification of dogs with a morphotype associated with more severe mitral disease at a young age is desirable. The aims of this study were to: (1)...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/8/10/205 |
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| author | Mara Bagardi Sara Ghilardi Chiara Locatelli Arianna Bionda Michele Polli Claudio M. Bussadori Fabio M. Colombo Laura Pazzagli Paola G. Brambilla |
| author_facet | Mara Bagardi Sara Ghilardi Chiara Locatelli Arianna Bionda Michele Polli Claudio M. Bussadori Fabio M. Colombo Laura Pazzagli Paola G. Brambilla |
| author_sort | Mara Bagardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development and progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) are difficult to predict. Thus, the identification of dogs with a morphotype associated with more severe mitral disease at a young age is desirable. The aims of this study were to: (1) describe the physical, morphometric, and echocardiographic features of class B1 MMVD-affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines; (2) evaluate the influence of morphometric physical measurements on murmur intensity, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), regurgitant jet size, and indexed mitral valve and annulus measurements. Fifty-two MMVD-affected CKCS were included in the ACVIM class B1. This is a prospective clinical cross-sectional study. Morphometric measurements, which included the body, thorax, and head sizes of each dog, were investigated to establish the association with heart murmur intensity, valvular and annular echocardiographic measurements, MVP, and regurgitant jet size, using inverse probability weighting (IPW) analyses to adjust for confounding. The IPW analyses showed that when the head length and nose length decreased, dogs had a more severe regurgitant jet size. Furthermore, subjects with a more pronounced head stop angle had thicker anterior mitral valve leaflets. A brachycephalic morphotype, as seen in dogs similar to the King Charles Spaniel breed in terms of cephalic morphology, is associated with a more severe regurgitant jet size and with valvular characteristics that are related to the most severe forms of MMVD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:09:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-159eca1c68814f8f9376ac00888ae82f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:09:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-159eca1c68814f8f9376ac00888ae82f2023-11-22T20:17:01ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812021-09-0181020510.3390/vetsci8100205Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting AnalysisMara Bagardi0Sara Ghilardi1Chiara Locatelli2Arianna Bionda3Michele Polli4Claudio M. Bussadori5Fabio M. Colombo6Laura Pazzagli7Paola G. Brambilla8Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, ItalyClinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso–Milan, 20131 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Security–Lodi (Italy), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, ItalyCentre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm, 17177 Solna, SwedenDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, ItalyThe development and progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) are difficult to predict. Thus, the identification of dogs with a morphotype associated with more severe mitral disease at a young age is desirable. The aims of this study were to: (1) describe the physical, morphometric, and echocardiographic features of class B1 MMVD-affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines; (2) evaluate the influence of morphometric physical measurements on murmur intensity, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), regurgitant jet size, and indexed mitral valve and annulus measurements. Fifty-two MMVD-affected CKCS were included in the ACVIM class B1. This is a prospective clinical cross-sectional study. Morphometric measurements, which included the body, thorax, and head sizes of each dog, were investigated to establish the association with heart murmur intensity, valvular and annular echocardiographic measurements, MVP, and regurgitant jet size, using inverse probability weighting (IPW) analyses to adjust for confounding. The IPW analyses showed that when the head length and nose length decreased, dogs had a more severe regurgitant jet size. Furthermore, subjects with a more pronounced head stop angle had thicker anterior mitral valve leaflets. A brachycephalic morphotype, as seen in dogs similar to the King Charles Spaniel breed in terms of cephalic morphology, is associated with a more severe regurgitant jet size and with valvular characteristics that are related to the most severe forms of MMVD.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/8/10/205anterior mitral valve leafletcanine morphometryCKCSdogechocardiographymyxomatous mitral valve disease |
| spellingShingle | Mara Bagardi Sara Ghilardi Chiara Locatelli Arianna Bionda Michele Polli Claudio M. Bussadori Fabio M. Colombo Laura Pazzagli Paola G. Brambilla Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis Veterinary Sciences anterior mitral valve leaflet canine morphometry CKCS dog echocardiography myxomatous mitral valve disease |
| title | Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis |
| title_full | Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis |
| title_short | Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis |
| title_sort | influence of morphometry on echocardiographic measurements in cavalier king charles spaniels an inverse probability weighting analysis |
| topic | anterior mitral valve leaflet canine morphometry CKCS dog echocardiography myxomatous mitral valve disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/8/10/205 |
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