Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power Transfer
In the context of Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart City (SC) applications, Mobile Data Collectors (MDCs) can be opportunistically exploited as wireless energy transmitters to recharge the energy-constrained IoT sensor-nodes placed within their charging vicinity or coverage area. The use of MDCs ha...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/6/697 |
| _version_ | 1797541161558081536 |
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| author | Gerald K. Ijemaru Kenneth L.-M. Ang Jasmine K. P. Seng |
| author_facet | Gerald K. Ijemaru Kenneth L.-M. Ang Jasmine K. P. Seng |
| author_sort | Gerald K. Ijemaru |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the context of Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart City (SC) applications, Mobile Data Collectors (MDCs) can be opportunistically exploited as wireless energy transmitters to recharge the energy-constrained IoT sensor-nodes placed within their charging vicinity or coverage area. The use of MDCs has been well studied and presents several advantages compared to the traditional methods that employ static sinks. However, data collection and transmission from the hundreds of thousands of sensors sparsely distributed across virtually every smart city has raised some new challenges. One of these concerns lies in how these sensors are being powered as majority of the IoT sensors are extremely energy-constrained owing to their smallness and mode of deployments. It is also evident that sensor-nodes closer to the sinks dissipate their energy faster than their counterparts. Moreover, battery recharging or replacement is impractical and incurs very large operational costs. Recent breakthrough in wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies allows the transfer of energy to the energy-hungry IoT sensor-nodes wirelessly. WPT finds applications in medical implants, electric vehicles, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), mobile phones, and so on. The present study highlights the use of mobile collectors (data mules) as wireless power transmitters for opportunistic IoT-SC operations. Specifically, mobile vehicles used for data collection are further exploited as wireless power transmitters (wireless battery chargers) to wirelessly recharge the energy-constrained IoT nodes placed within their coverage vicinity. This paper first gives a comprehensive survey of the different aspects of wireless energy transmission technologies—architecture, energy sources, IoT energy harvesting modes, WPT techniques and applications that can be exploited for SC scenarios. A comparative analysis of the WPT technologies is also highlighted to determine the most energy-efficient technique for IoT scenarios. We then propose a WPT scheme that exploits vehicular networks for opportunistic IoT-SC operations. Experiments are conducted using simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed model and to investigate WPT efficiency of a power-hungry opportunistic IoT network for different trade-off factors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:11:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-15b1de9d52994c53b3be038a75f69f20 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:11:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-15b1de9d52994c53b3be038a75f69f202023-11-21T10:41:43ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922021-03-0110669710.3390/electronics10060697Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power TransferGerald K. Ijemaru0Kenneth L.-M. Ang1Jasmine K. P. Seng2School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay Campus, 1 Moreton Parade, Petrie, QLD 4502, AustraliaSchool of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay Campus, 1 Moreton Parade, Petrie, QLD 4502, AustraliaSchool of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaIn the context of Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart City (SC) applications, Mobile Data Collectors (MDCs) can be opportunistically exploited as wireless energy transmitters to recharge the energy-constrained IoT sensor-nodes placed within their charging vicinity or coverage area. The use of MDCs has been well studied and presents several advantages compared to the traditional methods that employ static sinks. However, data collection and transmission from the hundreds of thousands of sensors sparsely distributed across virtually every smart city has raised some new challenges. One of these concerns lies in how these sensors are being powered as majority of the IoT sensors are extremely energy-constrained owing to their smallness and mode of deployments. It is also evident that sensor-nodes closer to the sinks dissipate their energy faster than their counterparts. Moreover, battery recharging or replacement is impractical and incurs very large operational costs. Recent breakthrough in wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies allows the transfer of energy to the energy-hungry IoT sensor-nodes wirelessly. WPT finds applications in medical implants, electric vehicles, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), mobile phones, and so on. The present study highlights the use of mobile collectors (data mules) as wireless power transmitters for opportunistic IoT-SC operations. Specifically, mobile vehicles used for data collection are further exploited as wireless power transmitters (wireless battery chargers) to wirelessly recharge the energy-constrained IoT nodes placed within their coverage vicinity. This paper first gives a comprehensive survey of the different aspects of wireless energy transmission technologies—architecture, energy sources, IoT energy harvesting modes, WPT techniques and applications that can be exploited for SC scenarios. A comparative analysis of the WPT technologies is also highlighted to determine the most energy-efficient technique for IoT scenarios. We then propose a WPT scheme that exploits vehicular networks for opportunistic IoT-SC operations. Experiments are conducted using simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed model and to investigate WPT efficiency of a power-hungry opportunistic IoT network for different trade-off factors.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/6/697Internet-of-Thingssmart cityopportunistic data collectionwireless sensor networkswireless power transfer (WPT)mobile data collectors |
| spellingShingle | Gerald K. Ijemaru Kenneth L.-M. Ang Jasmine K. P. Seng Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power Transfer Electronics Internet-of-Things smart city opportunistic data collection wireless sensor networks wireless power transfer (WPT) mobile data collectors |
| title | Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power Transfer |
| title_full | Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power Transfer |
| title_fullStr | Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power Transfer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power Transfer |
| title_short | Mobile Collectors for Opportunistic Internet of Things in Smart City Environment with Wireless Power Transfer |
| title_sort | mobile collectors for opportunistic internet of things in smart city environment with wireless power transfer |
| topic | Internet-of-Things smart city opportunistic data collection wireless sensor networks wireless power transfer (WPT) mobile data collectors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/6/697 |
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