Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit
The ‘Hongyu’ apple is an early ripening apple cultivar and usually used for fresh marketing. Due to the short ripening period, most of the fruit are harvested at the commercial maturity stage for proper marketing distribution and a longer shelf life. Fruit ripening involves delic...
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MDPI AG
2018-07-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/8/1908 |
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| author | Jakaria Chowdhury Onik Xiaojia Hu Qiong Lin Zhidong Wang |
| author_facet | Jakaria Chowdhury Onik Xiaojia Hu Qiong Lin Zhidong Wang |
| author_sort | Jakaria Chowdhury Onik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ‘Hongyu’ apple is an early ripening apple cultivar and usually used for fresh marketing. Due to the short ripening period, most of the fruit are harvested at the commercial maturity stage for proper marketing distribution and a longer shelf life. Fruit ripening involves delicate changes to its metabolic and physiological traits through well-organized synchronization of several hormones and regulatory steps. A clear understanding of these hormonal alterations is crucial for extending the period from commercial to physiological ripening. This study was intended to clarify the hormonal alterations and anthocyanin biosynthesis process prior to and immediate after, the harvesting of apple fruit considering the commercial maturity stage. Fruits harvested at 120 Days after flowering (DAF) (HY_4th) was considered as commercially ripened, 110 DAF (HY_3rd) as pre-ripening and 120 DAF followed by five days storage at 20 °C (HY_20 °C_5) as post-ripening samples. Three different stages of fruit were used for transcriptome assembly using RNA-Seq. Results revealed 9187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the post-ripening samples, which was comparatively lower (922 DEGs) in the pre-ripening fruits. DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology analysis and 31 categories were significantly enriched in the groups ‘biological process,’ ‘molecular function’ and ‘cellular component.’ The DEGs were involved in hormonal signaling pathways like ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR) and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways such as PAL, 4CL, CHI, DFR, F3H, UFGT. Several transcription factors like the MADS-box gene, MYB, bHLH, NAC, WRKY and HSF were differentially expressed between the pre- and post-ripening fruits. Selected DEGs were subjected to gene expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and the results were consistent with those of RNA-Seq. Our data suggested that in addition to ethylene, ABA and other hormones also play key roles in regulating apple fruit ripening and may interact with the ethylene signaling process. Additionally, our data provided an exhibition of the expression pattern of genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T04:17:13Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-15bedeb6f2ad4e888d27d6f273875f652022-12-22T01:21:13ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492018-07-01238190810.3390/molecules23081908molecules23081908Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple FruitJakaria Chowdhury Onik0Xiaojia Hu1Qiong Lin2Zhidong Wang3Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, ChinaThe ‘Hongyu’ apple is an early ripening apple cultivar and usually used for fresh marketing. Due to the short ripening period, most of the fruit are harvested at the commercial maturity stage for proper marketing distribution and a longer shelf life. Fruit ripening involves delicate changes to its metabolic and physiological traits through well-organized synchronization of several hormones and regulatory steps. A clear understanding of these hormonal alterations is crucial for extending the period from commercial to physiological ripening. This study was intended to clarify the hormonal alterations and anthocyanin biosynthesis process prior to and immediate after, the harvesting of apple fruit considering the commercial maturity stage. Fruits harvested at 120 Days after flowering (DAF) (HY_4th) was considered as commercially ripened, 110 DAF (HY_3rd) as pre-ripening and 120 DAF followed by five days storage at 20 °C (HY_20 °C_5) as post-ripening samples. Three different stages of fruit were used for transcriptome assembly using RNA-Seq. Results revealed 9187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the post-ripening samples, which was comparatively lower (922 DEGs) in the pre-ripening fruits. DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology analysis and 31 categories were significantly enriched in the groups ‘biological process,’ ‘molecular function’ and ‘cellular component.’ The DEGs were involved in hormonal signaling pathways like ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR) and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways such as PAL, 4CL, CHI, DFR, F3H, UFGT. Several transcription factors like the MADS-box gene, MYB, bHLH, NAC, WRKY and HSF were differentially expressed between the pre- and post-ripening fruits. Selected DEGs were subjected to gene expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and the results were consistent with those of RNA-Seq. Our data suggested that in addition to ethylene, ABA and other hormones also play key roles in regulating apple fruit ripening and may interact with the ethylene signaling process. Additionally, our data provided an exhibition of the expression pattern of genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/8/1908apple fruithormoneanthocyaninpre-ripeningpost-ripeningRNA-seq |
| spellingShingle | Jakaria Chowdhury Onik Xiaojia Hu Qiong Lin Zhidong Wang Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit Molecules apple fruit hormone anthocyanin pre-ripening post-ripening RNA-seq |
| title | Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit |
| title_full | Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit |
| title_short | Comparative Transcriptomic Profiling to Understand Pre- and Post-Ripening Hormonal Regulations and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Early Ripening Apple Fruit |
| title_sort | comparative transcriptomic profiling to understand pre and post ripening hormonal regulations and anthocyanin biosynthesis in early ripening apple fruit |
| topic | apple fruit hormone anthocyanin pre-ripening post-ripening RNA-seq |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/8/1908 |
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