Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study
Wireless phones (both mobile and cordless) emit not only radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) but also extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, both of which should be considered in epidemiological studies of the possible adverse health effects of use of such devices. This paper de...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022001155 |
| _version_ | 1818188630216146944 |
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| author | Carolina Calderón Gemma Castaño-Vinyals Myron Maslanyj Joe Wiart Ae-Kyoung Lee Masao Taki Kanako Wake Alex Abert Francesc Badia Abdelhamid Hadjem Hans Kromhout Patricia de Llobet Nadège Varsier Emmanuelle Conil Hyung-Do Choi Malcolm R. Sim Elisabeth Cardis |
| author_facet | Carolina Calderón Gemma Castaño-Vinyals Myron Maslanyj Joe Wiart Ae-Kyoung Lee Masao Taki Kanako Wake Alex Abert Francesc Badia Abdelhamid Hadjem Hans Kromhout Patricia de Llobet Nadège Varsier Emmanuelle Conil Hyung-Do Choi Malcolm R. Sim Elisabeth Cardis |
| author_sort | Carolina Calderón |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wireless phones (both mobile and cordless) emit not only radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) but also extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, both of which should be considered in epidemiological studies of the possible adverse health effects of use of such devices. This paper describes a unique algorithm, developed for the multinational case-control MOBI-Kids study, that estimates the cumulative specific energy (CSE) and the cumulative induced current density (CICD) in the brain from RF and ELF fields, respectively, for each subject in the study (aged 10–24 years old). Factors such as age, tumour location, self-reported phone models and usage patterns (laterality, call frequency/duration and hands-free use) were considered, as was the prevalence of different communication systems over time.Median CSE and CICD were substantially higher in GSM than 3G systems and varied considerably with location in the brain. Agreement between RF CSE and mobile phone use variables was moderate to null, depending on the communication system. Agreement between mobile phone use variables and ELF CICD was higher overall but also strongly dependent on communication system. Despite ELF dose distribution across the brain being more diffuse than that of RF, high correlation was observed between RF and ELF dose.The algorithm was used to systematically estimate the localised RF and ELF doses in the brain from wireless phones, which were found to be strongly dependent on location and communication system. Analysis of cartographies showed high correlation across phone models and across ages, however diagonal agreement between these cartographies suggest these factors do affect dose distribution to some level. Overall, duration and number of calls may not be adequate proxies of dose, particularly as communication systems available for voice calls tend to become more complex with time. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T23:29:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-15c69473fdf74e8d82bf8021fca2eff9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T23:29:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-15c69473fdf74e8d82bf8021fca2eff92022-12-22T00:46:04ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202022-05-01163107189Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids studyCarolina Calderón0Gemma Castaño-Vinyals1Myron Maslanyj2Joe Wiart3Ae-Kyoung Lee4Masao Taki5Kanako Wake6Alex Abert7Francesc Badia8Abdelhamid Hadjem9Hans Kromhout10Patricia de Llobet11Nadège Varsier12Emmanuelle Conil13Hyung-Do Choi14Malcolm R. Sim15Elisabeth Cardis16UK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom; Corresponding author at: UK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, SpainUK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United KingdomWHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; LTCI, Telecom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, FranceRadio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, KoreaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, JapanElectromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, Electromagnetic Standards Research Center, Radio Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, JapanBarcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, SpainBarcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; University Autónoma de Barcelona, SpainWHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, FranceInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the NetherlandsBarcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, SpainWHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, FranceWHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Agence Nationale des FRéquences (ANFR), Maisons-Alfort, France1Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, KoreaSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science. Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, AustraliaBarcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, SpainWireless phones (both mobile and cordless) emit not only radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) but also extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, both of which should be considered in epidemiological studies of the possible adverse health effects of use of such devices. This paper describes a unique algorithm, developed for the multinational case-control MOBI-Kids study, that estimates the cumulative specific energy (CSE) and the cumulative induced current density (CICD) in the brain from RF and ELF fields, respectively, for each subject in the study (aged 10–24 years old). Factors such as age, tumour location, self-reported phone models and usage patterns (laterality, call frequency/duration and hands-free use) were considered, as was the prevalence of different communication systems over time.Median CSE and CICD were substantially higher in GSM than 3G systems and varied considerably with location in the brain. Agreement between RF CSE and mobile phone use variables was moderate to null, depending on the communication system. Agreement between mobile phone use variables and ELF CICD was higher overall but also strongly dependent on communication system. Despite ELF dose distribution across the brain being more diffuse than that of RF, high correlation was observed between RF and ELF dose.The algorithm was used to systematically estimate the localised RF and ELF doses in the brain from wireless phones, which were found to be strongly dependent on location and communication system. Analysis of cartographies showed high correlation across phone models and across ages, however diagonal agreement between these cartographies suggest these factors do affect dose distribution to some level. Overall, duration and number of calls may not be adequate proxies of dose, particularly as communication systems available for voice calls tend to become more complex with time.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022001155ELF-EMFRF-EMFMobile phonesDose algorithmExposure assessmentBrain tumour |
| spellingShingle | Carolina Calderón Gemma Castaño-Vinyals Myron Maslanyj Joe Wiart Ae-Kyoung Lee Masao Taki Kanako Wake Alex Abert Francesc Badia Abdelhamid Hadjem Hans Kromhout Patricia de Llobet Nadège Varsier Emmanuelle Conil Hyung-Do Choi Malcolm R. Sim Elisabeth Cardis Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study Environment International ELF-EMF RF-EMF Mobile phones Dose algorithm Exposure assessment Brain tumour |
| title | Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study |
| title_full | Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study |
| title_fullStr | Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study |
| title_short | Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study |
| title_sort | estimation of rf and elf dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the mobi kids study |
| topic | ELF-EMF RF-EMF Mobile phones Dose algorithm Exposure assessment Brain tumour |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022001155 |
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