Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in Humans
Experimental studies suggest that sodium induced inflammation might be another missing link leading to atherosclerosis. To test the hypothesis that high daily sodium intake induces systemic inflammatory response in humans, we performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines of randomized...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2632 |
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| author | Eirini D. Basdeki Anastasios Kollias Panagiota Mitrou Christiana Tsirimiagkou Marios K. Georgakis Antonios Chatzigeorgiou Antonios Argyris Kalliopi Karatzi Yannis Manios Petros P. Sfikakis Athanase D. Protogerou |
| author_facet | Eirini D. Basdeki Anastasios Kollias Panagiota Mitrou Christiana Tsirimiagkou Marios K. Georgakis Antonios Chatzigeorgiou Antonios Argyris Kalliopi Karatzi Yannis Manios Petros P. Sfikakis Athanase D. Protogerou |
| author_sort | Eirini D. Basdeki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Experimental studies suggest that sodium induced inflammation might be another missing link leading to atherosclerosis. To test the hypothesis that high daily sodium intake induces systemic inflammatory response in humans, we performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of high versus low sodium dose (HSD vs. LSD), as defined per study, on plasma circulating inflammatory biomarkers. Eight RCTs that examined CRP, TNF-a and IL-6 were found. Meta-analysis testing the change of each biomarker in HSD versus LSD was possible for CRP (<i>n</i> = 5 studies), TNF-a (<i>n</i> = 4 studies) and IL-6 (<i>n</i> = 4 studies). The pooled difference (95% confidence intervals) per biomarker was for: CRP values of 0.1(−0.3, 0.4) mg/L; TNF-a −0.7(−5.0, 3.6) pg/mL; IL-6 −1.1(−3.3 to 1.1) pg/mL. Importantly, there was inconsistency between RCTs regarding major population characteristics and the applied methodology, including a very wide range of LSD (460 to 6740 mg/day) and HSD (2800 to 7452 mg/day). Although our results suggest that the different levels of daily sodium intake are not associated with significant changes in the level of systemic inflammation in humans, this outcome may result from methodological issues. Based on these identified methodological issues we propose that future RCTs should focus on young healthy participants to avoid confounding effects of comorbidities, should have three instead of two arms (very low, “normal” and high) of daily sodium intake with more than 100 participants per arm, whereas an intervention duration of 14 days is adequate. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:30:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-15d2ff93dd6a4caaa0a2da2829cfa19b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:30:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-15d2ff93dd6a4caaa0a2da2829cfa19b2023-11-22T09:03:41ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-07-01138263210.3390/nu13082632Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in HumansEirini D. Basdeki0Anastasios Kollias1Panagiota Mitrou2Christiana Tsirimiagkou3Marios K. Georgakis4Antonios Chatzigeorgiou5Antonios Argyris6Kalliopi Karatzi7Yannis Manios8Petros P. Sfikakis9Athanase D. Protogerou10Cardiovascular Prevention & Research Unit, Clinic & Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceHypertension Center STRIDE-7, Third Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceHellenic Republic Ministry of Health, 10433 Athens, GreeceCardiovascular Prevention & Research Unit, Clinic & Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 81377 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Physiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceCardiovascular Prevention & Research Unit, Clinic & Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Kallithea, GreeceFirst Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko Hospital, 11527 Athens, GreeceCardiovascular Prevention & Research Unit, Clinic & Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceExperimental studies suggest that sodium induced inflammation might be another missing link leading to atherosclerosis. To test the hypothesis that high daily sodium intake induces systemic inflammatory response in humans, we performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of high versus low sodium dose (HSD vs. LSD), as defined per study, on plasma circulating inflammatory biomarkers. Eight RCTs that examined CRP, TNF-a and IL-6 were found. Meta-analysis testing the change of each biomarker in HSD versus LSD was possible for CRP (<i>n</i> = 5 studies), TNF-a (<i>n</i> = 4 studies) and IL-6 (<i>n</i> = 4 studies). The pooled difference (95% confidence intervals) per biomarker was for: CRP values of 0.1(−0.3, 0.4) mg/L; TNF-a −0.7(−5.0, 3.6) pg/mL; IL-6 −1.1(−3.3 to 1.1) pg/mL. Importantly, there was inconsistency between RCTs regarding major population characteristics and the applied methodology, including a very wide range of LSD (460 to 6740 mg/day) and HSD (2800 to 7452 mg/day). Although our results suggest that the different levels of daily sodium intake are not associated with significant changes in the level of systemic inflammation in humans, this outcome may result from methodological issues. Based on these identified methodological issues we propose that future RCTs should focus on young healthy participants to avoid confounding effects of comorbidities, should have three instead of two arms (very low, “normal” and high) of daily sodium intake with more than 100 participants per arm, whereas an intervention duration of 14 days is adequate.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2632sodiumsodium intakeinflammationsystemic inflammationsodium induced inflammationCRP |
| spellingShingle | Eirini D. Basdeki Anastasios Kollias Panagiota Mitrou Christiana Tsirimiagkou Marios K. Georgakis Antonios Chatzigeorgiou Antonios Argyris Kalliopi Karatzi Yannis Manios Petros P. Sfikakis Athanase D. Protogerou Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in Humans Nutrients sodium sodium intake inflammation systemic inflammation sodium induced inflammation CRP |
| title | Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in Humans |
| title_full | Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in Humans |
| title_fullStr | Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in Humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in Humans |
| title_short | Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in Humans |
| title_sort | does sodium intake induce systemic inflammatory response a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized studies in humans |
| topic | sodium sodium intake inflammation systemic inflammation sodium induced inflammation CRP |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2632 |
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