Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Abstract Background We aimed to estimate salt intake among an Iranian population using spot urine-based equations and a dietary-based method. Methods Adult men and women (n = 2069) were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2014–2017). Urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), and creatinine...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Nutrition & Metabolism |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00658-4 |
| _version_ | 1818446149475893248 |
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| author | Zahra Bahadoran Parvin Mirmiran Reza Norouzirad Asghar Ghasemi Fereidoun Azizi |
| author_facet | Zahra Bahadoran Parvin Mirmiran Reza Norouzirad Asghar Ghasemi Fereidoun Azizi |
| author_sort | Zahra Bahadoran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background We aimed to estimate salt intake among an Iranian population using spot urine-based equations and a dietary-based method. Methods Adult men and women (n = 2069) were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2014–2017). Urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were measured in the morning spot urine samples. The 24-h urinary Na excretion and predicted salt intake was estimated using five equations, i.e., Kawasaki, Tanaka, Intersalt, Toft, and Whitton. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to obtain dietary intake of salt. The agreement of each urinary- and FFQ-based salt estimation with the overall mean of the methods, considered as the gold standard, was assessed using the Bland–Altman method. Results Mean age of the participants was 45.6 ± 14.8 y, and 45.4% were men. Mean (SD) estimated salt intake, derived from the overall mean of the methods, was 9.0 ± 2.2 g/d (10.2 ± 2.1 and 7.9 ± 1.7 g/d in men and women, respectively). Mean bias of the estimations from the overall mean ranged from − 0.2.42 to 2.75 g/d, with the Tanaka equation having the least bias (mean bias = 0.13 ± 1.10, 95% CI − 2.37, 2.30 g/d). Tanaka estimated a mean salt intake of 8.9 g/d (range 2.1 to 18.7 g/d); accordingly, only 5.1% of participants adhered to the recommendation (< 5 g/d salt intake), whereas 26.8% and 2.4% exceeded the recommendation by 2- and threefold. Conclusion The Tanaka equation could provide a more accurate mean-population estimated salt intake from casual urinary Na concentration in our population. About 95% of the Iranian population exceeded the current recommendations of salt intake. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T19:43:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-15df425b28c040a987571e4b3630f823 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1743-7075 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T19:43:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrition & Metabolism |
| spelling | doaj.art-15df425b28c040a987571e4b3630f8232022-12-21T22:49:39ZengBMCNutrition & Metabolism1743-70752022-03-011911910.1186/s12986-022-00658-4Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose StudyZahra Bahadoran0Parvin Mirmiran1Reza Norouzirad2Asghar Ghasemi3Fereidoun Azizi4Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical SciencesEndocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesEndocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAbstract Background We aimed to estimate salt intake among an Iranian population using spot urine-based equations and a dietary-based method. Methods Adult men and women (n = 2069) were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2014–2017). Urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were measured in the morning spot urine samples. The 24-h urinary Na excretion and predicted salt intake was estimated using five equations, i.e., Kawasaki, Tanaka, Intersalt, Toft, and Whitton. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to obtain dietary intake of salt. The agreement of each urinary- and FFQ-based salt estimation with the overall mean of the methods, considered as the gold standard, was assessed using the Bland–Altman method. Results Mean age of the participants was 45.6 ± 14.8 y, and 45.4% were men. Mean (SD) estimated salt intake, derived from the overall mean of the methods, was 9.0 ± 2.2 g/d (10.2 ± 2.1 and 7.9 ± 1.7 g/d in men and women, respectively). Mean bias of the estimations from the overall mean ranged from − 0.2.42 to 2.75 g/d, with the Tanaka equation having the least bias (mean bias = 0.13 ± 1.10, 95% CI − 2.37, 2.30 g/d). Tanaka estimated a mean salt intake of 8.9 g/d (range 2.1 to 18.7 g/d); accordingly, only 5.1% of participants adhered to the recommendation (< 5 g/d salt intake), whereas 26.8% and 2.4% exceeded the recommendation by 2- and threefold. Conclusion The Tanaka equation could provide a more accurate mean-population estimated salt intake from casual urinary Na concentration in our population. About 95% of the Iranian population exceeded the current recommendations of salt intake.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00658-4Casual urinary sodiumEstimated population-salt intakeTanaka equation |
| spellingShingle | Zahra Bahadoran Parvin Mirmiran Reza Norouzirad Asghar Ghasemi Fereidoun Azizi Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study Nutrition & Metabolism Casual urinary sodium Estimated population-salt intake Tanaka equation |
| title | Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
| title_full | Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
| title_short | Monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
| title_sort | monitoring population salt intake using casual urinary sodium tehran lipid and glucose study |
| topic | Casual urinary sodium Estimated population-salt intake Tanaka equation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00658-4 |
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