Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying
We analyze a secure unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted two-hop mixed radio frequency (RF) and underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system using a fixed-gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relay. The UWOC channel was modeled using a mixture exponential-generalized Gamma distribution to consider t...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Drones |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/11/341 |
| _version_ | 1827646766562934784 |
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| author | Yi Lou Ruofan Sun Julian Cheng Gang Qiao Jinlong Wang |
| author_facet | Yi Lou Ruofan Sun Julian Cheng Gang Qiao Jinlong Wang |
| author_sort | Yi Lou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We analyze a secure unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted two-hop mixed radio frequency (RF) and underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system using a fixed-gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relay. The UWOC channel was modeled using a mixture exponential-generalized Gamma distribution to consider the combined effects of air bubbles and temperature gradients on transmission characteristics. Both legitimate and eavesdropping RF channels were modeled using flexible <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> distributions. Specifically, we first derived both the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received signal-to-noise ratio of the system. Based on the PDF and CDF expressions, we derived the closed-form expressions for the tight lower bound of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity (PNZ), which are both expressed in terms bivariate Fox’s <i>H</i>-function. To utilize these analytical expressions, we derived asymptotic expressions of SOP and PNZ using only well-known functions. We also used asymptotic expressions to determine the suboptimal transmitting power to maximize energy efficiency. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of levels of air bubbles and temperature gradients in the UWOC channel, and studied the nonlinear characteristics of the transmission medium and the number of multipath clusters of the RF channel on the secrecy performance. Finally, all analyses were validated using a simulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:08:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-15fad6c9246d421e8799bd81a8dde3b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-446X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:08:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drones |
| spelling | doaj.art-15fad6c9246d421e8799bd81a8dde3b52023-11-24T04:22:09ZengMDPI AGDrones2504-446X2022-11-0161134110.3390/drones6110341Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward RelayingYi Lou0Ruofan Sun1Julian Cheng2Gang Qiao3Jinlong Wang4College of Information Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, ChinaCollege of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaSchool of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1Y 8L6, CanadaCollege of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, ChinaCollege of Information Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, ChinaWe analyze a secure unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted two-hop mixed radio frequency (RF) and underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system using a fixed-gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relay. The UWOC channel was modeled using a mixture exponential-generalized Gamma distribution to consider the combined effects of air bubbles and temperature gradients on transmission characteristics. Both legitimate and eavesdropping RF channels were modeled using flexible <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> distributions. Specifically, we first derived both the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received signal-to-noise ratio of the system. Based on the PDF and CDF expressions, we derived the closed-form expressions for the tight lower bound of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity (PNZ), which are both expressed in terms bivariate Fox’s <i>H</i>-function. To utilize these analytical expressions, we derived asymptotic expressions of SOP and PNZ using only well-known functions. We also used asymptotic expressions to determine the suboptimal transmitting power to maximize energy efficiency. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of levels of air bubbles and temperature gradients in the UWOC channel, and studied the nonlinear characteristics of the transmission medium and the number of multipath clusters of the RF channel on the secrecy performance. Finally, all analyses were validated using a simulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/11/341amplify-and-forward (AF)α-μ distributionnon-zero capacity (PNZ)performance analysisunderwater wireless optical communication (UWOC)secrecy outage probability (SOP) |
| spellingShingle | Yi Lou Ruofan Sun Julian Cheng Gang Qiao Jinlong Wang Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Drones amplify-and-forward (AF) α-μ distribution non-zero capacity (PNZ) performance analysis underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) secrecy outage probability (SOP) |
| title | Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying |
| title_full | Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying |
| title_fullStr | Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying |
| title_short | Physical-Layer Security for UAV-Assisted Air-to-Underwater Communication Systems with Fixed-Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying |
| title_sort | physical layer security for uav assisted air to underwater communication systems with fixed gain amplify and forward relaying |
| topic | amplify-and-forward (AF) α-μ distribution non-zero capacity (PNZ) performance analysis underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) secrecy outage probability (SOP) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/11/341 |
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