From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research
Diabetes, a silent killer, is one of the most widely prevalent conditions of the present time. According to the 2017 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, the global prevalence of diabetes among the age group of 20−79 years is 8.8%. In addition, 1 in every 2 persons is unawar...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/9/546 |
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| author | Radia Marium Modhumi Khan Zoey Jia Yu Chua Jia Chi Tan Yingying Yang Zehuan Liao Yan Zhao |
| author_facet | Radia Marium Modhumi Khan Zoey Jia Yu Chua Jia Chi Tan Yingying Yang Zehuan Liao Yan Zhao |
| author_sort | Radia Marium Modhumi Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetes, a silent killer, is one of the most widely prevalent conditions of the present time. According to the 2017 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, the global prevalence of diabetes among the age group of 20−79 years is 8.8%. In addition, 1 in every 2 persons is unaware of the condition. This unawareness and ignorance lead to further complications. Pre-diabetes is the preceding condition of diabetes, and in most of the cases, this ultimately leads to the development of diabetes. Diabetes can be classified into three types, namely type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes. The diagnosis of both pre-diabetes and diabetes is based on glucose criteria; the common modalities used are fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A glucometer is commonly used by diabetic patients to measure blood glucose levels with fast and rather accurate measurements. A few of the more advanced and minimally invasive modalities include the glucose-sensing patch, SwEatch, eyeglass biosensor, breath analysis, etc. Despite a considerable amount of data being collected and analyzed regarding diabetes, the actual molecular mechanism of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unknown. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are associated with T2DM. The complications of diabetes can predominantly be classified into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular. Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are grouped under microvascular complications, whereas stroke, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) belong to macrovascular complications. Unfortunately, until now, no complete cure for diabetes has been found. However, the treatment of pre-diabetes has shown significant success in preventing the further progression of diabetes. To prevent pre-diabetes from developing into T2DM, lifestyle intervention has been found to be very promising. Various aspects of diabetes, including the aforementioned topics, have been reviewed in this paper. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T11:01:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-164f994820114a99bc85ae385f863113 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T11:01:10Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-164f994820114a99bc85ae385f8631132023-09-02T05:32:28ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X2019-08-0155954610.3390/medicina55090546medicina55090546From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational ResearchRadia Marium Modhumi Khan0Zoey Jia Yu Chua1Jia Chi Tan2Yingying Yang3Zehuan Liao4Yan Zhao5School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, SingaporeSchool of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, SingaporeSchool of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, SingaporeTongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, ChinaSchool of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, SingaporeSchool of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, SingaporeDiabetes, a silent killer, is one of the most widely prevalent conditions of the present time. According to the 2017 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, the global prevalence of diabetes among the age group of 20−79 years is 8.8%. In addition, 1 in every 2 persons is unaware of the condition. This unawareness and ignorance lead to further complications. Pre-diabetes is the preceding condition of diabetes, and in most of the cases, this ultimately leads to the development of diabetes. Diabetes can be classified into three types, namely type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes. The diagnosis of both pre-diabetes and diabetes is based on glucose criteria; the common modalities used are fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A glucometer is commonly used by diabetic patients to measure blood glucose levels with fast and rather accurate measurements. A few of the more advanced and minimally invasive modalities include the glucose-sensing patch, SwEatch, eyeglass biosensor, breath analysis, etc. Despite a considerable amount of data being collected and analyzed regarding diabetes, the actual molecular mechanism of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unknown. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are associated with T2DM. The complications of diabetes can predominantly be classified into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular. Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are grouped under microvascular complications, whereas stroke, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) belong to macrovascular complications. Unfortunately, until now, no complete cure for diabetes has been found. However, the treatment of pre-diabetes has shown significant success in preventing the further progression of diabetes. To prevent pre-diabetes from developing into T2DM, lifestyle intervention has been found to be very promising. Various aspects of diabetes, including the aforementioned topics, have been reviewed in this paper.https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/9/546diabetespre-diabetesinsulin resistancehyperglycemia |
| spellingShingle | Radia Marium Modhumi Khan Zoey Jia Yu Chua Jia Chi Tan Yingying Yang Zehuan Liao Yan Zhao From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research Medicina diabetes pre-diabetes insulin resistance hyperglycemia |
| title | From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research |
| title_full | From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research |
| title_fullStr | From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research |
| title_full_unstemmed | From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research |
| title_short | From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research |
| title_sort | from pre diabetes to diabetes diagnosis treatments and translational research |
| topic | diabetes pre-diabetes insulin resistance hyperglycemia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/55/9/546 |
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