Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches
Amal Hasan,1 Ebaa Al-Ozairi,2,3 Zahraa Al-Baqsumi,1 Rasheed Ahmad,1 Fahd Al-Mulla4 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 2Clinical Research Unit, Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait;...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dove Medical Press
2021-03-01
|
| Series: | ImmunoTargets and Therapy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/cellular-and-humoral-immune-responses-in-covid-19-and-immunotherapeuti-peer-reviewed-article-ITT |
| _version_ | 1818846852601085952 |
|---|---|
| author | Hasan A Al-Ozairi E Al-Baqsumi Z Ahmad R Al-Mulla F |
| author_facet | Hasan A Al-Ozairi E Al-Baqsumi Z Ahmad R Al-Mulla F |
| author_sort | Hasan A |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Amal Hasan,1 Ebaa Al-Ozairi,2,3 Zahraa Al-Baqsumi,1 Rasheed Ahmad,1 Fahd Al-Mulla4 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 2Clinical Research Unit, Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 3Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jabriya, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 4Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Functional Genomics, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, KuwaitCorrespondence: Amal Hasan P.O. Box 1180, Dasman 15462, KuwaitTel +965 2224 2999 Ext. 4312Email amal.hasan@dasmaninstitute.orgAbstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can range in severity from asymptomatic to severe/critical disease. SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to infect cells leading to a strong inflammatory response, which is most profound in patients who progress to severe Covid-19. Recent studies have begun to unravel some of the differences in the innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with different degrees of disease severity. These studies have attributed the severe form of Covid-19 to a dysfunctional innate immune response, such as a delayed and/or deficient type I interferon response, coupled with an exaggerated and/or a dysfunctional adaptive immunity. Differences in T-cell (including CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, T follicular helper cells, γδ-T-cells, and regulatory T-cells) and B-cell (transitional cells, double-negative 2 cells, antibody-secreting cells) responses have been identified in patients with severe disease compared to mild cases. Moreover, differences in the kinetic/titer of neutralizing antibody responses have been described in severe disease, which may be confounded by antibody-dependent enhancement. Importantly, the presence of preexisting autoantibodies against type I interferon has been described as a major cause of severe/critical disease. Additionally, priorVaccine and multiple vaccine exposure, trained innate immunity, cross-reactive immunity, and serological immune imprinting may all contribute towards disease severity and outcome. Several therapeutic and preventative approaches have been under intense investigations; these include vaccines (three of which have passed Phase 3 clinical trials), therapeutic antibodies, and immunosuppressants.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, inflammation, immune regulation, neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, autoantibodies, type I interferon |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T05:52:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-16505b38ff1e4b499db69950b2eda80d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2253-1556 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T05:52:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | ImmunoTargets and Therapy |
| spelling | doaj.art-16505b38ff1e4b499db69950b2eda80d2022-12-21T20:33:33ZengDove Medical PressImmunoTargets and Therapy2253-15562021-03-01Volume 10638562914Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic ApproachesHasan AAl-Ozairi EAl-Baqsumi ZAhmad RAl-Mulla FAmal Hasan,1 Ebaa Al-Ozairi,2,3 Zahraa Al-Baqsumi,1 Rasheed Ahmad,1 Fahd Al-Mulla4 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 2Clinical Research Unit, Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 3Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jabriya, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 4Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Functional Genomics, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, KuwaitCorrespondence: Amal Hasan P.O. Box 1180, Dasman 15462, KuwaitTel +965 2224 2999 Ext. 4312Email amal.hasan@dasmaninstitute.orgAbstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can range in severity from asymptomatic to severe/critical disease. SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to infect cells leading to a strong inflammatory response, which is most profound in patients who progress to severe Covid-19. Recent studies have begun to unravel some of the differences in the innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with different degrees of disease severity. These studies have attributed the severe form of Covid-19 to a dysfunctional innate immune response, such as a delayed and/or deficient type I interferon response, coupled with an exaggerated and/or a dysfunctional adaptive immunity. Differences in T-cell (including CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, T follicular helper cells, γδ-T-cells, and regulatory T-cells) and B-cell (transitional cells, double-negative 2 cells, antibody-secreting cells) responses have been identified in patients with severe disease compared to mild cases. Moreover, differences in the kinetic/titer of neutralizing antibody responses have been described in severe disease, which may be confounded by antibody-dependent enhancement. Importantly, the presence of preexisting autoantibodies against type I interferon has been described as a major cause of severe/critical disease. Additionally, priorVaccine and multiple vaccine exposure, trained innate immunity, cross-reactive immunity, and serological immune imprinting may all contribute towards disease severity and outcome. Several therapeutic and preventative approaches have been under intense investigations; these include vaccines (three of which have passed Phase 3 clinical trials), therapeutic antibodies, and immunosuppressants.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, inflammation, immune regulation, neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, autoantibodies, type I interferonhttps://www.dovepress.com/cellular-and-humoral-immune-responses-in-covid-19-and-immunotherapeuti-peer-reviewed-article-ITTsars-cov-2inflammationimmune regulationneutralizing antibodiescytokinesautoantibodiestype i interferon |
| spellingShingle | Hasan A Al-Ozairi E Al-Baqsumi Z Ahmad R Al-Mulla F Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches ImmunoTargets and Therapy sars-cov-2 inflammation immune regulation neutralizing antibodies cytokines autoantibodies type i interferon |
| title | Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches |
| title_full | Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches |
| title_fullStr | Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches |
| title_short | Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Covid-19 and Immunotherapeutic Approaches |
| title_sort | cellular and humoral immune responses in covid 19 and immunotherapeutic approaches |
| topic | sars-cov-2 inflammation immune regulation neutralizing antibodies cytokines autoantibodies type i interferon |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/cellular-and-humoral-immune-responses-in-covid-19-and-immunotherapeuti-peer-reviewed-article-ITT |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hasana cellularandhumoralimmuneresponsesincovid19andimmunotherapeuticapproaches AT alozairie cellularandhumoralimmuneresponsesincovid19andimmunotherapeuticapproaches AT albaqsumiz cellularandhumoralimmuneresponsesincovid19andimmunotherapeuticapproaches AT ahmadr cellularandhumoralimmuneresponsesincovid19andimmunotherapeuticapproaches AT almullaf cellularandhumoralimmuneresponsesincovid19andimmunotherapeuticapproaches |