Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014
Background: Low to moderate acute cadmium exposure has been associated with increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and kidney disease. Little is known about the association between urinary cadmium levels—an indicator of longer-term exposure—and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods:...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2018-12-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018302794 |
| _version_ | 1811266690200109056 |
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| author | Nudrat Noor Geng Zong Ellen W. Seely Marc Weisskopf Tamarra James-Todd |
| author_facet | Nudrat Noor Geng Zong Ellen W. Seely Marc Weisskopf Tamarra James-Todd |
| author_sort | Nudrat Noor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Low to moderate acute cadmium exposure has been associated with increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and kidney disease. Little is known about the association between urinary cadmium levels—an indicator of longer-term exposure—and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: We analysed data from 3982 participants aged 20–<80 years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014. Urinary cadmium levels were measured and adjusted for creatinine using spot urine samples. Cadmium levels were evaluated in quintiles (Q). MetS was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report criteria. Prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression accounting for complex survey design, while adjusting for potential confounders and stratifying by sex and smoking status. Results: In the overall study population, there was a marginal inverse association between urinary cadmium and MetS (adj. OR for Q5 versus Q1: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5–1.0). Sex stratified models were similar. When examining individual components of MetS, participants with higher levels of urinary cadmium had decreased odds of abdominal obesity (adj. OR for Q5 versus Q1 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3–0.6), but increased odds for low HDL (adj. OR for Q5 versus Q1 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4–3.1). Among current smokers, higher urinary cadmium was associated with increased odds of MetS, hypertension, and low HDL even after accounting for serum cotinine—a marker of smoking intensity. Conclusions: Higher levels of urinary cadmium, a marker of long term exposure, were not associated with an increased risk of MetS in the overall study population. However, higher urine cadmium was associated with altered MetS components. Current smokers were the most vulnerable group, with higher long-term cadmium exposure being associated with increased risk of MetS, low HDL, and hypertension. Keywords: Cadmium, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity, Lipids, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T20:47:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-16750060a6b44aa7b7acd1458c01f836 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T20:47:48Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj.art-16750060a6b44aa7b7acd1458c01f8362022-12-22T03:17:12ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202018-12-01121349356Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014Nudrat Noor0Geng Zong1Ellen W. Seely2Marc Weisskopf3Tamarra James-Todd4Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States of AmericaDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States of AmericaDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave., 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, United States of AmericaDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States of AmericaDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, United States of America; Corresponding author at: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Bldg. 1, 14th Floor, Boston, MA 02120, United States of America.Background: Low to moderate acute cadmium exposure has been associated with increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and kidney disease. Little is known about the association between urinary cadmium levels—an indicator of longer-term exposure—and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: We analysed data from 3982 participants aged 20–<80 years of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014. Urinary cadmium levels were measured and adjusted for creatinine using spot urine samples. Cadmium levels were evaluated in quintiles (Q). MetS was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report criteria. Prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression accounting for complex survey design, while adjusting for potential confounders and stratifying by sex and smoking status. Results: In the overall study population, there was a marginal inverse association between urinary cadmium and MetS (adj. OR for Q5 versus Q1: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5–1.0). Sex stratified models were similar. When examining individual components of MetS, participants with higher levels of urinary cadmium had decreased odds of abdominal obesity (adj. OR for Q5 versus Q1 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3–0.6), but increased odds for low HDL (adj. OR for Q5 versus Q1 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4–3.1). Among current smokers, higher urinary cadmium was associated with increased odds of MetS, hypertension, and low HDL even after accounting for serum cotinine—a marker of smoking intensity. Conclusions: Higher levels of urinary cadmium, a marker of long term exposure, were not associated with an increased risk of MetS in the overall study population. However, higher urine cadmium was associated with altered MetS components. Current smokers were the most vulnerable group, with higher long-term cadmium exposure being associated with increased risk of MetS, low HDL, and hypertension. Keywords: Cadmium, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity, Lipids, Hypertension, Hyperglycemiahttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018302794 |
| spellingShingle | Nudrat Noor Geng Zong Ellen W. Seely Marc Weisskopf Tamarra James-Todd Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014 Environment International |
| title | Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014 |
| title_full | Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014 |
| title_fullStr | Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014 |
| title_short | Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2014 |
| title_sort | urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in u s adults the national health and nutrition examination survey 2001 2014 |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018302794 |
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