Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate
When the toxic red tide alga <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> H.W. Graham accumulates in sediment through sexual reproduction, it provides the provenance of a periodic outbreak of red tide, a potential threat to the marine environment. In our study, the flocculation effects of four coagulant...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/4/395 |
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| author | Barathan Balaji Prasath Ying Wang Yuping Su Wanning Zheng Hong Lin Hong Yang |
| author_facet | Barathan Balaji Prasath Ying Wang Yuping Su Wanning Zheng Hong Lin Hong Yang |
| author_sort | Barathan Balaji Prasath |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | When the toxic red tide alga <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> H.W. Graham accumulates in sediment through sexual reproduction, it provides the provenance of a periodic outbreak of red tide, a potential threat to the marine environment. In our study, the flocculation effects of four coagulants were compared. Bacteria fermentation (Ba3) broth and coagulant were combined with Ba3 to reduce the vegetative cells of <i>G. catenatum</i>, inhibit the cystic germination in the sediment, and control the red tide outbreak. To promote a more efficient and environmentally friendly algae suppression method, we studied these four coagulants combined with algae suppression bacteria for their effect on <i>G. catenatum</i>. The results show that polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is more efficient than other coagulants when used alone because it had a more substantial inhibitory effect. Ba3 broth also had a beneficial removal effect on the vegetative cells of <i>G. catenatum</i>. The inhibition efficiency of 2-day fermentation liquid was higher than that of 1-day and 3-day fermentation liquids. When combined, the PAC and Ba3 broth produced a pronounced algae inhibition effect that effectively hindered the germination of algae cysts. We conclude that this combination provides a scientific reference for the prevention and control of marine red tide. Our results suggest that designing environmentally friendly methods for the management of harmful algae is quite feasible. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:31:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-168d4251bdb745788c4995150d66fb1d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:31:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-168d4251bdb745788c4995150d66fb1d2023-11-21T14:37:09ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122021-04-019439510.3390/jmse9040395Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide DinoflagellateBarathan Balaji Prasath0Ying Wang1Yuping Su2Wanning Zheng3Hong Lin4Hong Yang5College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, ChinaCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, ChinaCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, ChinaCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, ChinaCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, ChinaDepartment of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, UKWhen the toxic red tide alga <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> H.W. Graham accumulates in sediment through sexual reproduction, it provides the provenance of a periodic outbreak of red tide, a potential threat to the marine environment. In our study, the flocculation effects of four coagulants were compared. Bacteria fermentation (Ba3) broth and coagulant were combined with Ba3 to reduce the vegetative cells of <i>G. catenatum</i>, inhibit the cystic germination in the sediment, and control the red tide outbreak. To promote a more efficient and environmentally friendly algae suppression method, we studied these four coagulants combined with algae suppression bacteria for their effect on <i>G. catenatum</i>. The results show that polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is more efficient than other coagulants when used alone because it had a more substantial inhibitory effect. Ba3 broth also had a beneficial removal effect on the vegetative cells of <i>G. catenatum</i>. The inhibition efficiency of 2-day fermentation liquid was higher than that of 1-day and 3-day fermentation liquids. When combined, the PAC and Ba3 broth produced a pronounced algae inhibition effect that effectively hindered the germination of algae cysts. We conclude that this combination provides a scientific reference for the prevention and control of marine red tide. Our results suggest that designing environmentally friendly methods for the management of harmful algae is quite feasible.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/4/395<i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i>fermentation brothpolyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC)<i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i>cysts |
| spellingShingle | Barathan Balaji Prasath Ying Wang Yuping Su Wanning Zheng Hong Lin Hong Yang Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate Journal of Marine Science and Engineering <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> fermentation broth polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> cysts |
| title | Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate |
| title_full | Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate |
| title_fullStr | Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate |
| title_short | Coagulant Plus <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate |
| title_sort | coagulant plus i bacillus nitratireducens i fermentation broth technique provides a rapid algicidal effect of toxic red tide dinoflagellate |
| topic | <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> fermentation broth polyaluminum chloride coagulation (PAC) <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> cysts |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/4/395 |
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