The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, Japan
The Aso-4 caldera-forming event (86.4 ± 1.1 ka, VEI-8) is the second largest volcanic eruption Earth experienced in the past 100 ka. The ignimbrite sheets produced during this event are some of the first ever described compositionally zoned pyroclastic flow deposits exhibiting clear compositional, m...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Earth Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.614267/full |
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| author | Franziska Keller Olivier Bachmann Nobuo Geshi Ayumu Miyakawa |
| author_facet | Franziska Keller Olivier Bachmann Nobuo Geshi Ayumu Miyakawa |
| author_sort | Franziska Keller |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Aso-4 caldera-forming event (86.4 ± 1.1 ka, VEI-8) is the second largest volcanic eruption Earth experienced in the past 100 ka. The ignimbrite sheets produced during this event are some of the first ever described compositionally zoned pyroclastic flow deposits exhibiting clear compositional, mineralogical and thermal gradients with stratigraphic position. Large quantities of the deposits are composed of crystal-poor, highly evolved juvenile pumices, while late-erupted pyroclastic flows are in many cases dominated by crystal-rich and less silicic scoria. These petrological gradients in the Aso-4 deposits have been linked to extensive magma mixing of two compositionally distinct magmas in a complex upper crustal reservoir. However, new studies on several other zoned ignimbrites suggest that magma mixing alone is not sufficient to fully explain such strong compositional gradients in the deposits. These gradients are expected to be dominantly caused by the recharge-induced reactivation of extracted melt caps and their complementary cumulate in the upper crust. Here, we investigate bulk rock and matrix glass data with detailed analyses of mineral chemistry in order to re-evaluate the Aso-4 deposits in light of these latest developments. Reverse chemical zoning in phenocrysts, Sr enrichment in euhedral rims of plagioclase and the presence of mafic minerals (clinopyroxene, olivine) indicate recharge of hot, mafic magmas shortly prior to eruption, inducing a mixing signature. However, the marked enrichment in some elements in bulk-rock analyses and the presence of highly evolved minerals (some in the form of glomerocrysts) in the late-erupted, crystal-rich units, provide clear evidence for crystal accumulation in these scoria. Mass balance modeling of P2O5, Sr and SiO2 supports the extraction of melt-rich lenses within an upper crustal mush zone, leaving a partly cumulative evolved crystal residue. We therefore propose an origin of the compositionally zoned Aso-4 ignimbrite largely by erupting a heterogeneous upper crustal reservoir, consisting of crystal-poor rhyodacitic melt caps within its associated cumulate mush. This complex reservoir was reactivated by mafic recharge shortly prior to eruption, imparting an additional mixing signature to the deposits. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T14:41:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-169c9ecfa39e406087b87911f02529c72022-12-21T20:17:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Earth Science2296-64632021-02-01810.3389/feart.2020.614267614267The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, JapanFranziska Keller0Olivier Bachmann1Nobuo Geshi2Ayumu Miyakawa3Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandInstitute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, SwitzerlandGeological Survey of Japan (AIST), Tsukuba, JapanGeological Survey of Japan (AIST), Tsukuba, JapanThe Aso-4 caldera-forming event (86.4 ± 1.1 ka, VEI-8) is the second largest volcanic eruption Earth experienced in the past 100 ka. The ignimbrite sheets produced during this event are some of the first ever described compositionally zoned pyroclastic flow deposits exhibiting clear compositional, mineralogical and thermal gradients with stratigraphic position. Large quantities of the deposits are composed of crystal-poor, highly evolved juvenile pumices, while late-erupted pyroclastic flows are in many cases dominated by crystal-rich and less silicic scoria. These petrological gradients in the Aso-4 deposits have been linked to extensive magma mixing of two compositionally distinct magmas in a complex upper crustal reservoir. However, new studies on several other zoned ignimbrites suggest that magma mixing alone is not sufficient to fully explain such strong compositional gradients in the deposits. These gradients are expected to be dominantly caused by the recharge-induced reactivation of extracted melt caps and their complementary cumulate in the upper crust. Here, we investigate bulk rock and matrix glass data with detailed analyses of mineral chemistry in order to re-evaluate the Aso-4 deposits in light of these latest developments. Reverse chemical zoning in phenocrysts, Sr enrichment in euhedral rims of plagioclase and the presence of mafic minerals (clinopyroxene, olivine) indicate recharge of hot, mafic magmas shortly prior to eruption, inducing a mixing signature. However, the marked enrichment in some elements in bulk-rock analyses and the presence of highly evolved minerals (some in the form of glomerocrysts) in the late-erupted, crystal-rich units, provide clear evidence for crystal accumulation in these scoria. Mass balance modeling of P2O5, Sr and SiO2 supports the extraction of melt-rich lenses within an upper crustal mush zone, leaving a partly cumulative evolved crystal residue. We therefore propose an origin of the compositionally zoned Aso-4 ignimbrite largely by erupting a heterogeneous upper crustal reservoir, consisting of crystal-poor rhyodacitic melt caps within its associated cumulate mush. This complex reservoir was reactivated by mafic recharge shortly prior to eruption, imparting an additional mixing signature to the deposits.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.614267/fullcrystal accumulationcumulate remobilizationignimbriteAso calderasilicic magmamagma mixing |
| spellingShingle | Franziska Keller Olivier Bachmann Nobuo Geshi Ayumu Miyakawa The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, Japan Frontiers in Earth Science crystal accumulation cumulate remobilization ignimbrite Aso caldera silicic magma magma mixing |
| title | The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, Japan |
| title_full | The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, Japan |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, Japan |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, Japan |
| title_short | The Role of Crystal Accumulation and Cumulate Remobilization in the Formation of Large Zoned Ignimbrites: Insights From the Aso-4 Caldera-forming Eruption, Kyushu, Japan |
| title_sort | role of crystal accumulation and cumulate remobilization in the formation of large zoned ignimbrites insights from the aso 4 caldera forming eruption kyushu japan |
| topic | crystal accumulation cumulate remobilization ignimbrite Aso caldera silicic magma magma mixing |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.614267/full |
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