Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content
In the last decade, it has become evident that complex mixtures of cyanobacterial bioactive substances, simultaneously present in blooms, often exert adverse effects that are different from those of pure cyanotoxins, and awareness has been raised on the importance of studying complex mixtures and ch...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/2/107 |
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| author | Michal Bittner Alja Štern Marie Smutná Klára Hilscherová Bojana Žegura |
| author_facet | Michal Bittner Alja Štern Marie Smutná Klára Hilscherová Bojana Žegura |
| author_sort | Michal Bittner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the last decade, it has become evident that complex mixtures of cyanobacterial bioactive substances, simultaneously present in blooms, often exert adverse effects that are different from those of pure cyanotoxins, and awareness has been raised on the importance of studying complex mixtures and chemical interactions. We aimed to investigate cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of complex extracts from laboratory cultures of cyanobacterial species from different orders (<i>Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon gracile, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. viridis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>ichtyoblabe, Planktothrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei</i>) and algae (<i>Desmodesmus quadricauda</i>), and examine possible relationships between the observed effects and toxin and retinoic acid (RA) content in the extracts. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the extracts were studied in the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line, using the MTT assay, and the comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (cytome) assays, respectively. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) was used to detect toxins (microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) and cylindrospermopsin) and RAs (ATRA and 9cis-RA) in the extracts. Six out of eight extracts were cytotoxic (0.04–2 mg<sub>DM</sub>/mL), and five induced DNA strand breaks at non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.2–2 mg<sub>DM</sub>/mL). The extracts with genotoxic activity also had the highest content of RAs and there was a linear association between RA content and genotoxicity, indicating their possible involvement; however further research is needed to identify and confirm the compounds involved and to elucidate possible genotoxic effects of RAs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:07:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-16c0334d96e84ddeae84016081180173 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:07:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-16c0334d96e84ddeae840160811801732023-12-03T12:01:33ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-02-0113210710.3390/toxins13020107Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid ContentMichal Bittner0Alja Štern1Marie Smutná2Klára Hilscherová3Bojana Žegura4RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaRECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech RepublicRECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaIn the last decade, it has become evident that complex mixtures of cyanobacterial bioactive substances, simultaneously present in blooms, often exert adverse effects that are different from those of pure cyanotoxins, and awareness has been raised on the importance of studying complex mixtures and chemical interactions. We aimed to investigate cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of complex extracts from laboratory cultures of cyanobacterial species from different orders (<i>Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon gracile, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. viridis</i>, <i>M</i>. <i>ichtyoblabe, Planktothrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei</i>) and algae (<i>Desmodesmus quadricauda</i>), and examine possible relationships between the observed effects and toxin and retinoic acid (RA) content in the extracts. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the extracts were studied in the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line, using the MTT assay, and the comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (cytome) assays, respectively. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) was used to detect toxins (microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) and cylindrospermopsin) and RAs (ATRA and 9cis-RA) in the extracts. Six out of eight extracts were cytotoxic (0.04–2 mg<sub>DM</sub>/mL), and five induced DNA strand breaks at non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.2–2 mg<sub>DM</sub>/mL). The extracts with genotoxic activity also had the highest content of RAs and there was a linear association between RA content and genotoxicity, indicating their possible involvement; however further research is needed to identify and confirm the compounds involved and to elucidate possible genotoxic effects of RAs.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/2/107cyanobacteriaalgaeextractscomplex mixturesgenotoxicitycytotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Michal Bittner Alja Štern Marie Smutná Klára Hilscherová Bojana Žegura Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content Toxins cyanobacteria algae extracts complex mixtures genotoxicity cytotoxicity |
| title | Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content |
| title_full | Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content |
| title_fullStr | Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content |
| title_short | Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content |
| title_sort | cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cyanobacterial and algal extracts microcystin and retinoic acid content |
| topic | cyanobacteria algae extracts complex mixtures genotoxicity cytotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/2/107 |
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