Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen
Some cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily success...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2382 |
| _version_ | 1797508703789776896 |
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| author | Jens Westermann |
| author_facet | Jens Westermann |
| author_sort | Jens Westermann |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Some cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily successful, as indicated by its recurrent ‘re-discovery’ throughout evolutionary time in all major land plant taxa which allowed for the functional diversification of tip-growing cell types across gametophytic and sporophytic life-phases. All major land plant lineages have experienced (recurrent) polyploidization events and subsequent re-diploidization that may have positively contributed to plant adaptive evolutionary processes. How individual cells respond to genome-doubling on a shorter evolutionary scale has not been addressed as elaborately. Nevertheless, it is clear that when polyploids first form, they face numerous important challenges that must be overcome for lineages to persist. Evidence in the literature suggests that tip-growth is one of those processes. Here, I discuss the literature to present hypotheses about how polyploidization events may challenge efficient tip-growth and strategies which may overcome them: I first review the complex and multi-layered processes by which tip-growing cells maintain their cell wall integrity and steady growth. I will then discuss how they may be affected by the cellular changes that accompany genome-doubling. Finally, I will depict possible mechanisms polyploid plants may evolve to compensate for the effects caused by genome-doubling to regain diploid-like growth, particularly focusing on cell wall dynamics and the subcellular machinery they are controlled by. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:07:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1703a643fa1b40e99a022019d1f7ba52 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:07:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-1703a643fa1b40e99a022019d1f7ba522023-11-23T01:04:45ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-11-011011238210.3390/plants10112382Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in PollenJens Westermann0Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, SwitzerlandSome cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily successful, as indicated by its recurrent ‘re-discovery’ throughout evolutionary time in all major land plant taxa which allowed for the functional diversification of tip-growing cell types across gametophytic and sporophytic life-phases. All major land plant lineages have experienced (recurrent) polyploidization events and subsequent re-diploidization that may have positively contributed to plant adaptive evolutionary processes. How individual cells respond to genome-doubling on a shorter evolutionary scale has not been addressed as elaborately. Nevertheless, it is clear that when polyploids first form, they face numerous important challenges that must be overcome for lineages to persist. Evidence in the literature suggests that tip-growth is one of those processes. Here, I discuss the literature to present hypotheses about how polyploidization events may challenge efficient tip-growth and strategies which may overcome them: I first review the complex and multi-layered processes by which tip-growing cells maintain their cell wall integrity and steady growth. I will then discuss how they may be affected by the cellular changes that accompany genome-doubling. Finally, I will depict possible mechanisms polyploid plants may evolve to compensate for the effects caused by genome-doubling to regain diploid-like growth, particularly focusing on cell wall dynamics and the subcellular machinery they are controlled by.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2382pollen tubetip-growthpolyploidgenome doublingcell walladaptive evolution |
| spellingShingle | Jens Westermann Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen Plants pollen tube tip-growth polyploid genome doubling cell wall adaptive evolution |
| title | Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen |
| title_full | Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen |
| title_fullStr | Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen |
| title_short | Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen |
| title_sort | two is company but four is a party challenges of tetraploidization for cell wall dynamics and efficient tip growth in pollen |
| topic | pollen tube tip-growth polyploid genome doubling cell wall adaptive evolution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2382 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jenswestermann twoiscompanybutfourisapartychallengesoftetraploidizationforcellwalldynamicsandefficienttipgrowthinpollen |