| Summary: | Based on our recent work, this paper reviews our theoretical study on gallium nitride (GaN) light-emitting-diode (LED). The focus of the paper is to improve LED light extraction efficiency through various nano-grating designs. The gratings can be designed at different locations, such as at the top, the middle, and the bottom, on the LED. They also can be made of different materials. In this study, we first present a GaN LED error-grating simulation model. Second, nano Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) top gratings are studied and compared with conventional LED (CLED) using standing wave analysis. Third, we present results related to a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), SiO<sub>2</sub> Nanorod array (NR), and Ag bottom reflection layer. Finally, we investigate the nano-top ITO grating performance over different wavelengths to validate our design simulation, which focusing on a single wavelength of 460 nm.
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