COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data
Abstract Background In Brazil, the COVID-19 pandemic found the universal and public Unified Health System (SUS) with problems accumulated over time, due, among other reasons, to low investments, and disparities in resource distribution. The preparedness and response of the healthcare system, involvi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal for Equity in Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-02037-8 |
| _version_ | 1797577352337686528 |
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| author | Margareth Crisóstomo Portela Mônica Martins Sheyla Maria Lemos Lima Carla Lourenço Tavares de Andrade Claudia Cristina de Aguiar Pereira |
| author_facet | Margareth Crisóstomo Portela Mônica Martins Sheyla Maria Lemos Lima Carla Lourenço Tavares de Andrade Claudia Cristina de Aguiar Pereira |
| author_sort | Margareth Crisóstomo Portela |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background In Brazil, the COVID-19 pandemic found the universal and public Unified Health System (SUS) with problems accumulated over time, due, among other reasons, to low investments, and disparities in resource distribution. The preparedness and response of the healthcare system, involving the SUS and a private sector, was affected by large socioeconomic and healthcare access inequities. This work was aimed at offering an overview of COVID-19 inpatient mortality during the pandemic in Brazil, exploring factors associated with its variations and, specifically, differences across public, private (for-profit) and philanthropic (private non-profit) inpatient healthcare units, providers, and non-providers of services to the SUS. Methods This cross-sectional study used public secondary data. The main data source was the SIVEP-Gripe, which comprises data on severe acute respiratory illness records prospectively collected. We also employed the National Record of Health Establishments, the SUS’ Hospitalization Information System and municipalities' data from IBGE. We considered adult COVID-19 hospitalizations registered in SIVEP-Gripe from February 2020 to December 2022 in inpatient healthcare units with a minimum of 100 cases in the period. Data analyses explored the occurrence of inpatient mortality, employing general linear mixed models to identify the effects of patients', health care processes', healthcare units' and municipalities' characteristics on it. Results About 70% of the COVID-19 hospitalizations in Brazil were covered by the SUS, which attended the more vulnerable population groups and had worse inpatient mortality. In general, non-SUS private and philanthropic hospitals, mostly reimbursed by healthcare insurance plans accessible for more privileged socioeconomic classes, presented the best outcomes. Southern Brazil had the best performance among the macro-regions. Black and indigenous individuals, residents of lower HDI municipalities, and those hospitalized out of their residence city presented higher odds of inpatient mortality. Moreover, adjusted inpatient mortality rates were higher in the pandemic peak moments and were significantly reduced after COVID-19 vaccination reaching a reasonable coverage, from July 2021. Conclusions COVID-19 exposed socioeconomic and healthcare inequalities and the importance and weaknesses of SUS in Brazil. This work indicates the need to revert the disinvestment in the universal public system, a fundamental policy for reduction of inequities in the country. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:07:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1717eeb0c2ff462c9f780544f090816c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-9276 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:07:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal for Equity in Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-1717eeb0c2ff462c9f780544f090816c2023-11-19T12:44:35ZengBMCInternational Journal for Equity in Health1475-92762023-11-0122111810.1186/s12939-023-02037-8COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary dataMargareth Crisóstomo Portela0Mônica Martins1Sheyla Maria Lemos Lima2Carla Lourenço Tavares de Andrade3Claudia Cristina de Aguiar Pereira4Department of Health Administration and Planning, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationDepartment of Health Administration and Planning, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationDepartment of Health Administration and Planning, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationDepartment of Health Administration and Planning, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationDepartment of Health Administration and Planning, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationAbstract Background In Brazil, the COVID-19 pandemic found the universal and public Unified Health System (SUS) with problems accumulated over time, due, among other reasons, to low investments, and disparities in resource distribution. The preparedness and response of the healthcare system, involving the SUS and a private sector, was affected by large socioeconomic and healthcare access inequities. This work was aimed at offering an overview of COVID-19 inpatient mortality during the pandemic in Brazil, exploring factors associated with its variations and, specifically, differences across public, private (for-profit) and philanthropic (private non-profit) inpatient healthcare units, providers, and non-providers of services to the SUS. Methods This cross-sectional study used public secondary data. The main data source was the SIVEP-Gripe, which comprises data on severe acute respiratory illness records prospectively collected. We also employed the National Record of Health Establishments, the SUS’ Hospitalization Information System and municipalities' data from IBGE. We considered adult COVID-19 hospitalizations registered in SIVEP-Gripe from February 2020 to December 2022 in inpatient healthcare units with a minimum of 100 cases in the period. Data analyses explored the occurrence of inpatient mortality, employing general linear mixed models to identify the effects of patients', health care processes', healthcare units' and municipalities' characteristics on it. Results About 70% of the COVID-19 hospitalizations in Brazil were covered by the SUS, which attended the more vulnerable population groups and had worse inpatient mortality. In general, non-SUS private and philanthropic hospitals, mostly reimbursed by healthcare insurance plans accessible for more privileged socioeconomic classes, presented the best outcomes. Southern Brazil had the best performance among the macro-regions. Black and indigenous individuals, residents of lower HDI municipalities, and those hospitalized out of their residence city presented higher odds of inpatient mortality. Moreover, adjusted inpatient mortality rates were higher in the pandemic peak moments and were significantly reduced after COVID-19 vaccination reaching a reasonable coverage, from July 2021. Conclusions COVID-19 exposed socioeconomic and healthcare inequalities and the importance and weaknesses of SUS in Brazil. This work indicates the need to revert the disinvestment in the universal public system, a fundamental policy for reduction of inequities in the country.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-02037-8SUSCOVID-19Inpatient healthcareInpatient mortalityInequitiesBrazilian health system |
| spellingShingle | Margareth Crisóstomo Portela Mônica Martins Sheyla Maria Lemos Lima Carla Lourenço Tavares de Andrade Claudia Cristina de Aguiar Pereira COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data International Journal for Equity in Health SUS COVID-19 Inpatient healthcare Inpatient mortality Inequities Brazilian health system |
| title | COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data |
| title_full | COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data |
| title_fullStr | COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data |
| title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data |
| title_short | COVID-19 inpatient mortality in Brazil from 2020 to 2022: a cross-sectional overview study based on secondary data |
| title_sort | covid 19 inpatient mortality in brazil from 2020 to 2022 a cross sectional overview study based on secondary data |
| topic | SUS COVID-19 Inpatient healthcare Inpatient mortality Inequities Brazilian health system |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-023-02037-8 |
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