Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging
This paper focuses on Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), consisting of a combination of batteries and Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC), for electric urban busses. The aim of the paper is to develop a methodology to determine the hybridization percentage that allows the electric bus to work...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-10-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/11/1708 |
| _version_ | 1811304033135099904 |
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| author | Jorge Nájera Pablo Moreno-Torres Marcos Lafoz Rosa M. de Castro Jaime R. Arribas |
| author_facet | Jorge Nájera Pablo Moreno-Torres Marcos Lafoz Rosa M. de Castro Jaime R. Arribas |
| author_sort | Jorge Nájera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper focuses on Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), consisting of a combination of batteries and Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC), for electric urban busses. The aim of the paper is to develop a methodology to determine the hybridization percentage that allows the electric bus to work with the highest efficiency while reducing battery aging, depending on the chosen topology, control strategy, and driving cycle. Three power electronic topologies are qualitatively analyzed based on different criteria, with the topology selected as the favorite being analyzed in detail. The whole system under study is comprised of the following elements: a battery pack (LiFePO4 batteries), an EDLC pack, up to two DC-DC converters (depending on the topology), and an equivalent load, which behaves as an electric bus drive (including motion resistances and inertia). Mathematical models for the battery, EDLCs, DC-DC converter, and the vehicle itself are developed for this analysis. The methodology presented in this work, as the main scientific contribution, considers performance variation (energy efficiency and battery aging) and hybridization percentage (ratio between batteries and EDLCs, defined in terms of mass), using a power load profile based on standard driving cycles. The results state that there is a hybridization percentage that increases energy efficiency and reduces battery aging, maximizing the economic benefits of the vehicle, for every combination of topology, type of storage device, control strategy, and driving cycle. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:59:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17340d48b0cb438bb1c3e2118f2c30ca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:59:49Z |
| publishDate | 2017-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-17340d48b0cb438bb1c3e2118f2c30ca2022-12-22T02:55:19ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732017-10-011011170810.3390/en10111708en10111708Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery AgingJorge Nájera0Pablo Moreno-Torres1Marcos Lafoz2Rosa M. de Castro3Jaime R. Arribas4Department of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, SpainWynnertech S.L., 28906 Madrid, SpainCIEMAT, Government of Spain, 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Electrical Engineering, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, SpainThis paper focuses on Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), consisting of a combination of batteries and Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC), for electric urban busses. The aim of the paper is to develop a methodology to determine the hybridization percentage that allows the electric bus to work with the highest efficiency while reducing battery aging, depending on the chosen topology, control strategy, and driving cycle. Three power electronic topologies are qualitatively analyzed based on different criteria, with the topology selected as the favorite being analyzed in detail. The whole system under study is comprised of the following elements: a battery pack (LiFePO4 batteries), an EDLC pack, up to two DC-DC converters (depending on the topology), and an equivalent load, which behaves as an electric bus drive (including motion resistances and inertia). Mathematical models for the battery, EDLCs, DC-DC converter, and the vehicle itself are developed for this analysis. The methodology presented in this work, as the main scientific contribution, considers performance variation (energy efficiency and battery aging) and hybridization percentage (ratio between batteries and EDLCs, defined in terms of mass), using a power load profile based on standard driving cycles. The results state that there is a hybridization percentage that increases energy efficiency and reduces battery aging, maximizing the economic benefits of the vehicle, for every combination of topology, type of storage device, control strategy, and driving cycle.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/11/1708battery agingelectric busenergy efficiencyHybrid Energy Storage |
| spellingShingle | Jorge Nájera Pablo Moreno-Torres Marcos Lafoz Rosa M. de Castro Jaime R. Arribas Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging Energies battery aging electric bus energy efficiency Hybrid Energy Storage |
| title | Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging |
| title_full | Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging |
| title_fullStr | Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging |
| title_short | Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging |
| title_sort | approach to hybrid energy storage systems dimensioning for urban electric buses regarding efficiency and battery aging |
| topic | battery aging electric bus energy efficiency Hybrid Energy Storage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/11/1708 |
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