The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration
Wood waste bottom ash (WWBA) is a waste generated in power plants during the burning of forest residues to produce energy and heat. In 2019, approximately 19,800 tons of WWBA was generated only in Lithuania. WWBA is rarely recycled or reused and is mostly landfilled, which is both costly for the ind...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/19/6498 |
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| author | Marija Vaičienė Jurgita Malaiškienė Qaisar Maqbool |
| author_facet | Marija Vaičienė Jurgita Malaiškienė Qaisar Maqbool |
| author_sort | Marija Vaičienė |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wood waste bottom ash (WWBA) is a waste generated in power plants during the burning of forest residues to produce energy and heat. In 2019, approximately 19,800 tons of WWBA was generated only in Lithuania. WWBA is rarely recycled or reused and is mostly landfilled, which is both costly for the industry and unsustainable. This study presents a sustainable solution to replace a part of cement with WWBA at 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight. Problems are also associated with the use of this material, as WWBA could have a relatively large surface area and a high water demand. For the evaluation of the possibilities of WWBA use for cementitious materials, the calorimetry test for the cement paste as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermography (TG, DTG), and porosity (MIP) for hardened cement paste with the results of physical and mechanical properties, and the freeze–thaw resistance of the concrete was measured and compared. It was found that WWBA with a large quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> could be used as a microfiller with weak pozzolanic properties in the manufacture of cementitious materials. As a result, concrete containing 6% WWBA used to substitute cement has higher density, compressive strength at 28 days, and ultrasonic pulse velocity values. In terms of durability, it was verified that concrete modified with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% WWBA had a freeze–thaw resistance level of F150. The results show that the use of WWBA to replace cement is a valuable sustainable option for the production of conventional concrete and has a positive effect on durability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:40:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-174d7a0708444107889a3f74ad1834a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:40:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-174d7a0708444107889a3f74ad1834a22023-11-19T14:40:41ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-09-011619649810.3390/ma16196498The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement HydrationMarija Vaičienė0Jurgita Malaiškienė1Qaisar Maqbool2Civil Engineering Faculty, Vilnius College of Technologies and Design, 10303 Vilnius, LithuaniaLaboratory of Composite Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 08217 Vilnius, LithuaniaDepartment of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche—INSTM Research Unit, 60131 Ancona, ItalyWood waste bottom ash (WWBA) is a waste generated in power plants during the burning of forest residues to produce energy and heat. In 2019, approximately 19,800 tons of WWBA was generated only in Lithuania. WWBA is rarely recycled or reused and is mostly landfilled, which is both costly for the industry and unsustainable. This study presents a sustainable solution to replace a part of cement with WWBA at 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight. Problems are also associated with the use of this material, as WWBA could have a relatively large surface area and a high water demand. For the evaluation of the possibilities of WWBA use for cementitious materials, the calorimetry test for the cement paste as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermography (TG, DTG), and porosity (MIP) for hardened cement paste with the results of physical and mechanical properties, and the freeze–thaw resistance of the concrete was measured and compared. It was found that WWBA with a large quantity of CO<sub>2</sub> could be used as a microfiller with weak pozzolanic properties in the manufacture of cementitious materials. As a result, concrete containing 6% WWBA used to substitute cement has higher density, compressive strength at 28 days, and ultrasonic pulse velocity values. In terms of durability, it was verified that concrete modified with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% WWBA had a freeze–thaw resistance level of F150. The results show that the use of WWBA to replace cement is a valuable sustainable option for the production of conventional concrete and has a positive effect on durability.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/19/6498conventional concretemilled wood waste bottom ashphysical and mechanical propertiesconcrete durabilityfreeze–thaw resistancecement hydration |
| spellingShingle | Marija Vaičienė Jurgita Malaiškienė Qaisar Maqbool The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration Materials conventional concrete milled wood waste bottom ash physical and mechanical properties concrete durability freeze–thaw resistance cement hydration |
| title | The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration |
| title_full | The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration |
| title_short | The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration |
| title_sort | impact of milled wood waste bottom ash wwba on the properties of conventional concrete and cement hydration |
| topic | conventional concrete milled wood waste bottom ash physical and mechanical properties concrete durability freeze–thaw resistance cement hydration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/19/6498 |
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