Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), or hydatid cyst disease (HCD), is a zoonosis of significant importance caused by the cestode of <i>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato</i> (s. l.) that affects mainly nomadic populations and has substantial economic consequences. Due to the 76% rural and nomadi...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| author | Ihsan Ullah Sadia Sattar Ijaz Ali Arshad Farid Amin Ullah Refaat A. Eid Mohamed Samir A. Zaki Muhammad Alaa Eldeen Iftikhar Ahmed Irfan Ullah |
| author_facet | Ihsan Ullah Sadia Sattar Ijaz Ali Arshad Farid Amin Ullah Refaat A. Eid Mohamed Samir A. Zaki Muhammad Alaa Eldeen Iftikhar Ahmed Irfan Ullah |
| author_sort | Ihsan Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cystic echinococcosis (CE), or hydatid cyst disease (HCD), is a zoonosis of significant importance caused by the cestode of <i>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato</i> (s. l.) that affects mainly nomadic populations and has substantial economic consequences. Due to the 76% rural and nomadic population, Baluchistan is a highly endemic region in Pakistan for CE; however, it has not yet been investigated for CE. For this purpose, this study was carried out to investigate the molecular epidemiology of CE in this region. In total, 23 human hydatid cyst samples were collected from tertiary health care units in Baluchistan and processed for DNA extraction, which was then followed by sequencing of the <i>cox1</i> mitochondrial gene of all 23 collected samples, genotyping, and phylogenetic and haplotype analysis. Most subjects were livestock owners (39.13%) in rural settings (73.91%). Most patients (73.19%) were pet owners (dogs) and used water from open sources for drinking. The liver was the most affected organ (52.17%), followed by the lungs (17.39%). Sequence analysis based on the <i>cox1</i> gene revealed that EG genotype 1 (G1) was the most prevalent (56.52%), followed by G3 (34.78%), while some samples (8.7%) were identified as the <i>Echinococcus canadensis</i> (G6/7) genotype. A total of five haplotypes were detected with high haplotype diversity (0.80) and low nucleotide diversity (0.033). Phylogenetic analysis revealed two diverse sub-clades, each of G1 and G3 isolates from Baluchistan, that were evolutionarily related to previously reported G1 and G3 isolates from Pakistan and China. On the other hand, the G6/7 isolates of this study were evolutionarily identical to the already reported G6/7 isolates from Pakistan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan. This study concludes that diverse G1 and G3 EG isolates are present in this part of Pakistan, while the G6/G7 genotype was reported for the first time from Baluchistan. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:30:14Z |
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| id | doaj.art-174d85cfea6545cdb9a2754cb6634a0a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-174d85cfea6545cdb9a2754cb6634a0a2023-11-30T23:52:55ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-12-011214010.3390/pathogens12010040Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional StudyIhsan Ullah0Sadia Sattar1Ijaz Ali2Arshad Farid3Amin Ullah4Refaat A. Eid5Mohamed Samir A. Zaki6Muhammad Alaa Eldeen7Iftikhar Ahmed8Irfan Ullah9Molecular Virology Lab (MVL), Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, PakistanMolecular Virology Lab (MVL), Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, PakistanMolecular Virology Lab (MVL), Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, PakistanGomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanDepartment of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, PakistanPathology Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaAnatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaBiology Department, Cell Biology, Histology & Genetics Division, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, EgyptGomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanDepartment of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore 54770, PakistanCystic echinococcosis (CE), or hydatid cyst disease (HCD), is a zoonosis of significant importance caused by the cestode of <i>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato</i> (s. l.) that affects mainly nomadic populations and has substantial economic consequences. Due to the 76% rural and nomadic population, Baluchistan is a highly endemic region in Pakistan for CE; however, it has not yet been investigated for CE. For this purpose, this study was carried out to investigate the molecular epidemiology of CE in this region. In total, 23 human hydatid cyst samples were collected from tertiary health care units in Baluchistan and processed for DNA extraction, which was then followed by sequencing of the <i>cox1</i> mitochondrial gene of all 23 collected samples, genotyping, and phylogenetic and haplotype analysis. Most subjects were livestock owners (39.13%) in rural settings (73.91%). Most patients (73.19%) were pet owners (dogs) and used water from open sources for drinking. The liver was the most affected organ (52.17%), followed by the lungs (17.39%). Sequence analysis based on the <i>cox1</i> gene revealed that EG genotype 1 (G1) was the most prevalent (56.52%), followed by G3 (34.78%), while some samples (8.7%) were identified as the <i>Echinococcus canadensis</i> (G6/7) genotype. A total of five haplotypes were detected with high haplotype diversity (0.80) and low nucleotide diversity (0.033). Phylogenetic analysis revealed two diverse sub-clades, each of G1 and G3 isolates from Baluchistan, that were evolutionarily related to previously reported G1 and G3 isolates from Pakistan and China. On the other hand, the G6/7 isolates of this study were evolutionarily identical to the already reported G6/7 isolates from Pakistan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan. This study concludes that diverse G1 and G3 EG isolates are present in this part of Pakistan, while the G6/G7 genotype was reported for the first time from Baluchistan.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/40humansPakistancystic echinococcosismolecular epidemiology<i>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato</i> |
| spellingShingle | Ihsan Ullah Sadia Sattar Ijaz Ali Arshad Farid Amin Ullah Refaat A. Eid Mohamed Samir A. Zaki Muhammad Alaa Eldeen Iftikhar Ahmed Irfan Ullah Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study Pathogens humans Pakistan cystic echinococcosis molecular epidemiology <i>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato</i> |
| title | Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full | Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_short | Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_sort | molecular epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis in rural baluchistan pakistan a cross sectional study |
| topic | humans Pakistan cystic echinococcosis molecular epidemiology <i>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/40 |
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