City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves
More frequent and longer duration heat waves have been observed worldwide and are recognized as a serious threat to human health and the stability of electrical grids. Past studies have identified a positive feedback between heat waves and urban heat island effects. Anthropogenic heat emissions from...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/11/1206 |
| _version_ | 1797548594028347392 |
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| author | Xuan Luo Pouya Vahmani Tianzhen Hong Andrew Jones |
| author_facet | Xuan Luo Pouya Vahmani Tianzhen Hong Andrew Jones |
| author_sort | Xuan Luo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | More frequent and longer duration heat waves have been observed worldwide and are recognized as a serious threat to human health and the stability of electrical grids. Past studies have identified a positive feedback between heat waves and urban heat island effects. Anthropogenic heat emissions from buildings have a crucial impact on the urban environment, and hence it is critical to understand the interactive effects of urban microclimate and building heat emissions in terms of the urban energy balance. Here we developed a coupled-simulation approach to quantify these effects, mapping urban environmental data generated by the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) coupled to Urban Canopy Model (UCM) to urban building energy models (UBEM). We conducted a case study in the city of Los Angeles, California, during a five-day heat wave event in September 2009. We analyzed the surge in city-scale building heat emission and energy use during the extreme heat event. We first simulated the urban microclimate at a high resolution (500 m by 500 m) using WRF-UCM. We then generated grid-level building heat emission profiles and aggregated them using prototype building energy models informed by spatially disaggregated urban land use and urban building density data. The spatial patterns of anthropogenic heat discharge from the building sector were analyzed, and the quantitative relationship with weather conditions and urban land-use dynamics were assessed at the grid level. The simulation results indicate that the dispersion of anthropogenic heat from urban buildings to the urban environment increases by up to 20% on average and varies significantly, both in time and space, during the heat wave event. The heat dispersion from the air-conditioning heat rejection contributes most (86.5%) of the total waste heat from the buildings to the urban environment. We also found that the waste heat discharge in inland, dense urban districts is more sensitive to extreme events than it is in coastal or suburban areas. The generated anthropogenic heat profiles can be used in urban microclimate models to provide a more accurate estimation of urban air temperature rises during heat waves. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:01:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17710f3a869d4698806d59652dd49628 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:01:49Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-17710f3a869d4698806d59652dd496282023-11-20T20:06:38ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-11-011111120610.3390/atmos11111206City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat WavesXuan Luo0Pouya Vahmani1Tianzhen Hong2Andrew Jones3Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USALawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USALawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USALawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAMore frequent and longer duration heat waves have been observed worldwide and are recognized as a serious threat to human health and the stability of electrical grids. Past studies have identified a positive feedback between heat waves and urban heat island effects. Anthropogenic heat emissions from buildings have a crucial impact on the urban environment, and hence it is critical to understand the interactive effects of urban microclimate and building heat emissions in terms of the urban energy balance. Here we developed a coupled-simulation approach to quantify these effects, mapping urban environmental data generated by the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) coupled to Urban Canopy Model (UCM) to urban building energy models (UBEM). We conducted a case study in the city of Los Angeles, California, during a five-day heat wave event in September 2009. We analyzed the surge in city-scale building heat emission and energy use during the extreme heat event. We first simulated the urban microclimate at a high resolution (500 m by 500 m) using WRF-UCM. We then generated grid-level building heat emission profiles and aggregated them using prototype building energy models informed by spatially disaggregated urban land use and urban building density data. The spatial patterns of anthropogenic heat discharge from the building sector were analyzed, and the quantitative relationship with weather conditions and urban land-use dynamics were assessed at the grid level. The simulation results indicate that the dispersion of anthropogenic heat from urban buildings to the urban environment increases by up to 20% on average and varies significantly, both in time and space, during the heat wave event. The heat dispersion from the air-conditioning heat rejection contributes most (86.5%) of the total waste heat from the buildings to the urban environment. We also found that the waste heat discharge in inland, dense urban districts is more sensitive to extreme events than it is in coastal or suburban areas. The generated anthropogenic heat profiles can be used in urban microclimate models to provide a more accurate estimation of urban air temperature rises during heat waves.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/11/1206anthropogenic heatbuilding heat emissionsWRF-UCMurban building energy modelheat waveurban microclimate |
| spellingShingle | Xuan Luo Pouya Vahmani Tianzhen Hong Andrew Jones City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves Atmosphere anthropogenic heat building heat emissions WRF-UCM urban building energy model heat wave urban microclimate |
| title | City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves |
| title_full | City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves |
| title_fullStr | City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves |
| title_full_unstemmed | City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves |
| title_short | City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves |
| title_sort | city scale building anthropogenic heating during heat waves |
| topic | anthropogenic heat building heat emissions WRF-UCM urban building energy model heat wave urban microclimate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/11/1206 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xuanluo cityscalebuildinganthropogenicheatingduringheatwaves AT pouyavahmani cityscalebuildinganthropogenicheatingduringheatwaves AT tianzhenhong cityscalebuildinganthropogenicheatingduringheatwaves AT andrewjones cityscalebuildinganthropogenicheatingduringheatwaves |