Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia)
The paper analyzes the data of groundwater level (GWL), groundwater temperature (TW), and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements in three deep piezometers (B1, B2, B3) in the Jadro spring basin, taken from October 2010 to December 2021. The variation of these parameters is analyzed at different...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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PAGEPress Publications
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Acque Sotterranee |
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| Online Access: | https://acquesotterranee.net/acque/article/view/682 |
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| author | Ognjen Bonacci Tanja Roje-Bonacci Adrijana Vrsalović |
| author_facet | Ognjen Bonacci Tanja Roje-Bonacci Adrijana Vrsalović |
| author_sort | Ognjen Bonacci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
The paper analyzes the data of groundwater level (GWL), groundwater temperature (TW), and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements in three deep piezometers (B1, B2, B3) in the Jadro spring basin, taken from October 2010 to December 2021. The variation of these parameters is analyzed at different time scales: annually, monthly, daily (24 hours), and hourly. They are compared with the data of the same parameters measured at the Jadro Spring. The analysis of the maximum observed rise and fall rates of the GWL showed that the piezometers were drilled in very different karst environments. Piezometer B1 is located in a karst matrix where the water flows predominantly in a diffuse laminar (slow-flow) regime. Piezometers B2 and B3 are located in a fault line where numerous large karst underground formations occur and rapid turbulent water flow takes place. The mean annual flows of the Jadro Spring strongly depend on the mean annual GWL-s in each of the piezometers. For much of the year (about 99%), the GWL in all three piezometers is more than 210 m below the ground surface. As the measuring sensors are located near the bottom of the piezometers, the groundwater temperature is almost stagnant. It is always at 12.5 ºC in piezometer B1 and behaves almost identically in piezometer B3. Water temperature is the highest in piezometer B2 and hovers around the average value of 13.5 ºC. At the Jadro Spring, the average water temperature is 12.95 ºC. The electrical conductivity values are the highest in piezometers B2 and B3, with an average of around 0.5 mS/cm. They are lower in piezometer B1, where they range around an average value of 0.465 mS/cm, while at the Jadro Spring, they vary from 0.40 mS/cm to 0.48 mS/cm, with an average value of 0.44 mS/cm. A distinct seasonal pattern in groundwater level behavior is evident across all piezometers. However, no discernible upward or downward trend is observed.
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| id | doaj.art-1784bf9a207f4f49ac68b6964115c341 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1828-454X 2280-6458 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:44:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | PAGEPress Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Acque Sotterranee |
| spelling | doaj.art-1784bf9a207f4f49ac68b6964115c3412023-11-09T15:03:10ZengPAGEPress PublicationsAcque Sotterranee1828-454X2280-64582023-11-0110.7343/as-2022-682Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia)Ognjen Bonacci0Tanja Roje-Bonacci1Adrijana Vrsalović2University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, SplitUniversity of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, SplitUniversity of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Split The paper analyzes the data of groundwater level (GWL), groundwater temperature (TW), and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements in three deep piezometers (B1, B2, B3) in the Jadro spring basin, taken from October 2010 to December 2021. The variation of these parameters is analyzed at different time scales: annually, monthly, daily (24 hours), and hourly. They are compared with the data of the same parameters measured at the Jadro Spring. The analysis of the maximum observed rise and fall rates of the GWL showed that the piezometers were drilled in very different karst environments. Piezometer B1 is located in a karst matrix where the water flows predominantly in a diffuse laminar (slow-flow) regime. Piezometers B2 and B3 are located in a fault line where numerous large karst underground formations occur and rapid turbulent water flow takes place. The mean annual flows of the Jadro Spring strongly depend on the mean annual GWL-s in each of the piezometers. For much of the year (about 99%), the GWL in all three piezometers is more than 210 m below the ground surface. As the measuring sensors are located near the bottom of the piezometers, the groundwater temperature is almost stagnant. It is always at 12.5 ºC in piezometer B1 and behaves almost identically in piezometer B3. Water temperature is the highest in piezometer B2 and hovers around the average value of 13.5 ºC. At the Jadro Spring, the average water temperature is 12.95 ºC. The electrical conductivity values are the highest in piezometers B2 and B3, with an average of around 0.5 mS/cm. They are lower in piezometer B1, where they range around an average value of 0.465 mS/cm, while at the Jadro Spring, they vary from 0.40 mS/cm to 0.48 mS/cm, with an average value of 0.44 mS/cm. A distinct seasonal pattern in groundwater level behavior is evident across all piezometers. However, no discernible upward or downward trend is observed. https://acquesotterranee.net/acque/article/view/682KarstDeep piezometerWater temperatureElectrical conductivityJadro spring basin |
| spellingShingle | Ognjen Bonacci Tanja Roje-Bonacci Adrijana Vrsalović Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia) Acque Sotterranee Karst Deep piezometer Water temperature Electrical conductivity Jadro spring basin |
| title | Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia) |
| title_full | Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia) |
| title_fullStr | Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia) |
| title_short | Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia) |
| title_sort | different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes the case of jadro spring basin dinaric karst croatia |
| topic | Karst Deep piezometer Water temperature Electrical conductivity Jadro spring basin |
| url | https://acquesotterranee.net/acque/article/view/682 |
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