Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation
The present experimental study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of Ethylene Glycol (EG)-based ZnO nanofluids (NFs) in circular minichannel test sections, each of 330 mm in length and 1.0–2.0 mm inner diameters. The experiments were conducted under steady-state constant heat flux an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024025246 |
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| author | Muhammad Ahsan Adnan Qamar Rabia Shaukat Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqi Zahid Anwar Muhammad Farooq Muhammad Amjad Shahid Imran Mansoor Ahmed M.A. Mujtaba H. Fayaz Basma Souayeh |
| author_facet | Muhammad Ahsan Adnan Qamar Rabia Shaukat Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqi Zahid Anwar Muhammad Farooq Muhammad Amjad Shahid Imran Mansoor Ahmed M.A. Mujtaba H. Fayaz Basma Souayeh |
| author_sort | Muhammad Ahsan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present experimental study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of Ethylene Glycol (EG)-based ZnO nanofluids (NFs) in circular minichannel test sections, each of 330 mm in length and 1.0–2.0 mm inner diameters. The experiments were conducted under steady-state constant heat flux and laminar flow conditions. The stable ZnO/EG-based NFs were synthesized using a standard two-step method in varying nanoparticles (NPs) loadings (0.012–0.048 wt%). The morphological characteristics, crystal structure, and specific surface area (SSA) showed that the NPs were sized in nm, possessing excellent crystal structure and enhanced surface area. Thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity (VC) of the NFs were examined in the 20–60 °C temperature range. Both TC and VC possessed an increasing trend with the rise in concentration of the NPs. However, with the temperature rise, TC increased while the VC decreased and vice versa. The highest enhancements in TC and VC were 14.38 % and 15.22 %, respectively, at 40 °C and 0.048 wt% of NPs loading. The highest enrichment recorded in the local and average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were 14.80 % and 13.48% in a minichannel with 1.0 mm inner diameter, respectively. It was directly proportional to the NPs loading and volume flow rate of the NFs. The friction factor was also directly proportional to the test section's inner cross-sectional area, while the pressure gradient showed an inverse behavior. An inverse relationship was recorded for the volume flow rate of the NFs and vice versa. Maximum friction factor and the pressure drop for all three minichannel test sections were recorded as 34.58 % and 32.16 %, respectively. The well-known Shah correlation predicted the local and average HTC within ±15.0 %, while the friction factor and the pressure gradient were well predicted by the Darcy correlation within the ±10.0 % range. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T19:41:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17a150d2e1f8464b90395653e709137b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T01:19:59Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-17a150d2e1f8464b90395653e709137b2024-03-09T09:28:27ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-02-01104e26493Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigationMuhammad Ahsan0Adnan Qamar1Rabia Shaukat2Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqi3Zahid Anwar4Muhammad Farooq5Muhammad Amjad6Shahid Imran7Mansoor Ahmed8M.A. Mujtaba9H. Fayaz10Basma Souayeh11Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanZI Engineering, PC 10 Fifth Street, Third Floor Suite 303, Valley Stream, NY, 44581, United StatesDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, PakistanModeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Corresponding author.Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 2092, TunisiaThe present experimental study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of Ethylene Glycol (EG)-based ZnO nanofluids (NFs) in circular minichannel test sections, each of 330 mm in length and 1.0–2.0 mm inner diameters. The experiments were conducted under steady-state constant heat flux and laminar flow conditions. The stable ZnO/EG-based NFs were synthesized using a standard two-step method in varying nanoparticles (NPs) loadings (0.012–0.048 wt%). The morphological characteristics, crystal structure, and specific surface area (SSA) showed that the NPs were sized in nm, possessing excellent crystal structure and enhanced surface area. Thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity (VC) of the NFs were examined in the 20–60 °C temperature range. Both TC and VC possessed an increasing trend with the rise in concentration of the NPs. However, with the temperature rise, TC increased while the VC decreased and vice versa. The highest enhancements in TC and VC were 14.38 % and 15.22 %, respectively, at 40 °C and 0.048 wt% of NPs loading. The highest enrichment recorded in the local and average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were 14.80 % and 13.48% in a minichannel with 1.0 mm inner diameter, respectively. It was directly proportional to the NPs loading and volume flow rate of the NFs. The friction factor was also directly proportional to the test section's inner cross-sectional area, while the pressure gradient showed an inverse behavior. An inverse relationship was recorded for the volume flow rate of the NFs and vice versa. Maximum friction factor and the pressure drop for all three minichannel test sections were recorded as 34.58 % and 32.16 %, respectively. The well-known Shah correlation predicted the local and average HTC within ±15.0 %, while the friction factor and the pressure gradient were well predicted by the Darcy correlation within the ±10.0 % range.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024025246Compact channelsEthylene glycolFrictional lossesHeat transfer coefficientNanofluidNanoparticle |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Ahsan Adnan Qamar Rabia Shaukat Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqi Zahid Anwar Muhammad Farooq Muhammad Amjad Shahid Imran Mansoor Ahmed M.A. Mujtaba H. Fayaz Basma Souayeh Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation Heliyon Compact channels Ethylene glycol Frictional losses Heat transfer coefficient Nanofluid Nanoparticle |
| title | Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation |
| title_full | Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation |
| title_fullStr | Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation |
| title_short | Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation |
| title_sort | thermal and hydraulic performance of zno eg based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters an experimental investigation |
| topic | Compact channels Ethylene glycol Frictional losses Heat transfer coefficient Nanofluid Nanoparticle |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024025246 |
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