Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy Soil
The storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropland soils is an essential strategy that serves the dual purpose of enhancing soil fertility and mitigating climate change. However, how the stability of stored carbon is altered under long-term fertilization has not been well understood, especially in...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1463 |
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| author | Adnan Mustafa Hu Xu Nan Sun Kailou Liu Qinghai Huang Mohammad Tahsin Karimi Nezhad Minggang Xu |
| author_facet | Adnan Mustafa Hu Xu Nan Sun Kailou Liu Qinghai Huang Mohammad Tahsin Karimi Nezhad Minggang Xu |
| author_sort | Adnan Mustafa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropland soils is an essential strategy that serves the dual purpose of enhancing soil fertility and mitigating climate change. However, how the stability of stored carbon is altered under long-term fertilization has not been well understood, especially in the double rice cropping system in Chinese paddy soils. In this study, we explored the SOC storage and consequent stability of SOC under long-term fertilization. The soil samples were fractionated chemically to isolate various fractions and constituent pools of SOC (i.e., very labile C/VLC, labile C/LC, less labile C/LLC, and non-labile C/NLC). The following treatments were tested: control (CK), recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (NPK), double the amount of recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (2NPK), and NPK combined with manure (NPKM). The results showed that, relative to the initial level, the application of NPKM significantly improved the SOC storage as compared to the control. The long-term NPKM increased the total SOC in the paddy soil and this increased SOC was mainly stored in LLC, as revealed by the highest increase (142%) over the control. Furthermore, the highest proportion of labile pool was associated with unfertilized CK, while the reverse was true for the recalcitrant pool, which was highest under NPKM. This supports the role of combining manure with NPK to improve the stability of SOC, further verified by the high recalcitrance index under NPKM (56.75% for 0–20 cm and 57.69% for 20–40 cm) as compared to the control. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:52:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17b9b55df1814bb78ea04dd041f4fe7f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:52:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-17b9b55df1814bb78ea04dd041f4fe7f2023-11-18T08:53:39ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-05-01136146310.3390/agronomy13061463Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy SoilAdnan Mustafa0Hu Xu1Nan Sun2Kailou Liu3Qinghai Huang4Mohammad Tahsin Karimi Nezhad5Minggang Xu6State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Red Soil Research, Jinxian 331700, ChinaInstitute of Red Soil Research, Jinxian 331700, ChinaDepartment of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Lidicka 25/27, 60200 Brno, Czech RepublicState Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaThe storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropland soils is an essential strategy that serves the dual purpose of enhancing soil fertility and mitigating climate change. However, how the stability of stored carbon is altered under long-term fertilization has not been well understood, especially in the double rice cropping system in Chinese paddy soils. In this study, we explored the SOC storage and consequent stability of SOC under long-term fertilization. The soil samples were fractionated chemically to isolate various fractions and constituent pools of SOC (i.e., very labile C/VLC, labile C/LC, less labile C/LLC, and non-labile C/NLC). The following treatments were tested: control (CK), recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (NPK), double the amount of recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (2NPK), and NPK combined with manure (NPKM). The results showed that, relative to the initial level, the application of NPKM significantly improved the SOC storage as compared to the control. The long-term NPKM increased the total SOC in the paddy soil and this increased SOC was mainly stored in LLC, as revealed by the highest increase (142%) over the control. Furthermore, the highest proportion of labile pool was associated with unfertilized CK, while the reverse was true for the recalcitrant pool, which was highest under NPKM. This supports the role of combining manure with NPK to improve the stability of SOC, further verified by the high recalcitrance index under NPKM (56.75% for 0–20 cm and 57.69% for 20–40 cm) as compared to the control.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1463SOC stocksoil organic mattersustainable agriculturemanureinorganic fertilizers |
| spellingShingle | Adnan Mustafa Hu Xu Nan Sun Kailou Liu Qinghai Huang Mohammad Tahsin Karimi Nezhad Minggang Xu Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy Soil Agronomy SOC stock soil organic matter sustainable agriculture manure inorganic fertilizers |
| title | Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy Soil |
| title_full | Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy Soil |
| title_fullStr | Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy Soil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy Soil |
| title_short | Long-Term Fertilization Alters the Storage and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon in Chinese Paddy Soil |
| title_sort | long term fertilization alters the storage and stability of soil organic carbon in chinese paddy soil |
| topic | SOC stock soil organic matter sustainable agriculture manure inorganic fertilizers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1463 |
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