Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of China
Atmospheric precipitation is an important part of the water circle in an inland basin. Based on the analytical results of 149 precipitation samples and corresponding surface meteorological data collected at four sampling sites (Lenglong, Ningchang, Huajian and Xiying) at different elevations in the...
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/10/2798 |
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| author | Xinggang Ma Wenxiong Jia Guofeng Zhu Shijin Wang |
| author_facet | Xinggang Ma Wenxiong Jia Guofeng Zhu Shijin Wang |
| author_sort | Xinggang Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Atmospheric precipitation is an important part of the water circle in an inland basin. Based on the analytical results of 149 precipitation samples and corresponding surface meteorological data collected at four sampling sites (Lenglong, Ningchang, Huajian and Xiying) at different elevations in the Xiying river basin on the north slope of Qilian Mountains from May to September 2017, the sub-cloud evaporation in precipitation and its controlling factors are analyzed by the Stewart model. The results show that sub-cloud evaporation led to <i>d</i>-excess value in precipitation decrease and <i>d</i>-excess variation from cloud-base to near surface (Δ<i>d</i>) increase with decreasing altitude. The remaining evaporation fraction of raindrop (f) decreases with decreasing altitude. The difference of underlying surface led to a difference change of <i>f</i> and Δ<i>d</i> in the Xiying sampling site. For every 1% increase in raindrop evaporation, <i>d</i>-excess value in precipitation decreased by about 0.99‰. In an environment of high relative humidity and low temperature, the slope of the linear relationship between f and Δ<i>d</i> is less than 0.99. In contrast, in the environment of low relative humidity and high temperature, the slope is higher than 0.99. In this study, set constant raindrop diameter may affect the calculation accuracy. The Stewart model could have different parameter requirements in different study areas. This research is helpful to understand water cycle and land–atmosphere interactions in Qilian Mountains. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:45:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-17c33ee083754d29bfb95c11d3b1c90f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:45:28Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-17c33ee083754d29bfb95c11d3b1c90f2023-11-20T16:28:47ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-10-011210279810.3390/w12102798Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of ChinaXinggang Ma0Wenxiong Jia1Guofeng Zhu2Shijin Wang3Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollege of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaCollege of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaYulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaAtmospheric precipitation is an important part of the water circle in an inland basin. Based on the analytical results of 149 precipitation samples and corresponding surface meteorological data collected at four sampling sites (Lenglong, Ningchang, Huajian and Xiying) at different elevations in the Xiying river basin on the north slope of Qilian Mountains from May to September 2017, the sub-cloud evaporation in precipitation and its controlling factors are analyzed by the Stewart model. The results show that sub-cloud evaporation led to <i>d</i>-excess value in precipitation decrease and <i>d</i>-excess variation from cloud-base to near surface (Δ<i>d</i>) increase with decreasing altitude. The remaining evaporation fraction of raindrop (f) decreases with decreasing altitude. The difference of underlying surface led to a difference change of <i>f</i> and Δ<i>d</i> in the Xiying sampling site. For every 1% increase in raindrop evaporation, <i>d</i>-excess value in precipitation decreased by about 0.99‰. In an environment of high relative humidity and low temperature, the slope of the linear relationship between f and Δ<i>d</i> is less than 0.99. In contrast, in the environment of low relative humidity and high temperature, the slope is higher than 0.99. In this study, set constant raindrop diameter may affect the calculation accuracy. The Stewart model could have different parameter requirements in different study areas. This research is helpful to understand water cycle and land–atmosphere interactions in Qilian Mountains.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/10/2798sub-cloud evaporation<i>d</i>-excessStewart modelQilian Mountains |
| spellingShingle | Xinggang Ma Wenxiong Jia Guofeng Zhu Shijin Wang Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of China Water sub-cloud evaporation <i>d</i>-excess Stewart model Qilian Mountains |
| title | Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of China |
| title_full | Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of China |
| title_fullStr | Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of China |
| title_short | Quantitative Analysis of the Sub-Cloud Evaporation of Atmospheric Precipitation and Its Controlling Factors Calculated By <i>D</i>-Excess in an Inland River Basin of China |
| title_sort | quantitative analysis of the sub cloud evaporation of atmospheric precipitation and its controlling factors calculated by i d i excess in an inland river basin of china |
| topic | sub-cloud evaporation <i>d</i>-excess Stewart model Qilian Mountains |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/10/2798 |
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